NU 305 Exam 3 Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
What are normal abdominal inspection findings?
A
Abdomen flat and symmetric.
- No scars, striae, or varicosity.
- Skin even toned.
- Umbilicus midline and inverted.
- No hernias noted.
2
Q
What are normal abdominal auscultation findings?
A
Bowel sounds present in all four quadrants.
- No bruits on vascular auscultation.
- No venous hums
- No friction rubs
3
Q
What are normal abdominal palpation finding?
A
No tenderness
- Abdomen without masses.
- Tenderness near the xiphoid process, over the cecum, or over the sigmoid colon may be normal.
- Palpable liver edge against your right hand during inspiration
- A normal spleen is not palpable
- It is common to be unable to palpate the kidneys except in slender patients
- Pulsations of the aorta are palpable; the aorta should measure about 3/4 in.
- Empty bladder is neither tender nor palpable
- Inguinal lymph nodes nontender and may be slightly palpable
4
Q
What organs are in the LUQ
A
Body of pancreas
- Part of transverse and descending colon
- Stomach
- Left lobe of liver
- Splenic fixture of colon
- Spleen
- Left adrenal and kidney
5
Q
What organs are in the RUQ?
A
Part of ascending and transverse colon
- Right kidney and adrenal
- Head of pancreas
- Duodenum
- Liver
- Hepatic fixture of colon
- Gallbladder
6
Q
What organs are in the LLQ?
A
Left ovary and tube
- Sigmoid colon
- Left spermatic cord
- Part of descending colon
- Left ureter
7
Q
What organs are in the RLQ?
A
Right spermatic cord
- Right ovary and tube
- Cecum
- Right ureter
- Appendix
8
Q
What organs are in the midline?
A
Uterus (if enlarged)
- Aorta
- Bladder (if distended)
9
Q
Describe normal liver palpation
A
Palpable liver edge against your right hand during inspiration.
- An enlarged liver would be palpable below the costal margin which is abnormal
10
Q
Describe normal emesis findings
A
There is no emesis
11
Q
What are abnormal emesis findings
A
Green usually indicates reduced peristalsis with irritation.
Coffee-ground is digested blood
Bloody emesis is an active bleed with undigested blood.
12
Q
S/S of dehydration
A
hyperthermia
- tachycardia
- thready pulse
- hypotension
- orthostatic hypotension
- decreased CVP
- tachypnea
- dizziness
- cool clammy skin
- diaphoresis
- sunken eyeballs
13
Q
How do you perform an iliopsoas muscle test?
A
The iliopsoas muscle test is performed when appendicitis is suspected. With he patient lying supine, lift the right leg straight up, keeping the knee straight. Push down over the lower part of the right thigh while the patient pushes up.
14
Q
How do you perform a rebound tenderness test?
A
Blumberg sign or rebound tenderness is used to assess for peritonitis. In a site away from the painful area, push down your hand at a 90 degree angle slowly and deeply, then lift up quickly.
- Pain when pressure removed = (+) sign= peritonitides
15
Q
What is McBurney’s point?
A
The name given to the point over the right side of the abdomen that is one third of the distance front he anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus. This point roughly corresponds to the most common location of the base of the appendix where it is attached to the cecum. Deep tenderness at McBurney point, know as McBurney sign, is a sign of acute appendicitis.
16
Q
What is Murphy’s sign?
A
A clinical test used to assess for cholecystitis; performed by palpating near the client’s gallbladder during inhalation.
17
Q
What is Atony?
A
Lack of normal muscle tone or strength
18
Q
What is hypotonicity?
A
diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
19
Q
What is spasticity?
A
Hypertonic, so the muscles are stiff and movements awkward
20
Q
What is a spasm?
A
sudden, violent involuntary muscle contraction
21
Q
What is fasciculation?
A
involuntary twitch of muscle fibers
22
Q
What are tremors?
A
involuntary contraction of muscles
23
Q
How is muscle strength graded?
A
scale 0-5 (ex. 1/5 or 5/5)
24
Q
Describe rheumatoid arthritis
A
Usually due to physical and emotional stress
Upper extremities
Onset in young adulthood
Stiffness is worse in mornings and after inactivity
Typically complains of weakness, fatigue, low fever
Joints may be tender, swollen, or warm
Will check for this through elevated serum proteins in blood and synovial fluid
Ulnar deviation neck and boutonnière/Swan
25
Describe osteoarthritis
| What it is, who it occurs to, what causes it, tests, and symptoms
The wearing down of the protective tissue at the ends of bones
Occurs mostly due to obesity and aging
Occurs in lower extremities
Onset around 50s and 60s
Worse later in day and after activity
No generalized complaints
Joints may be tender
Test for this by X-ray, CT, or MRI
Herberden and Bouchard Nodes
26
Describe s/s for urgent assessment of the breast
A here breast lump or mass
- Swelling of all or part of a breast
- Skin irritation or dimpling
- Breast or nipple pain
- Nipple retraction (turning inward)
- Redness, scaliness,or thickening or nipple or breast skin
- Nipple discharge other than breast milk
27
Describe s/s for an urgent assessment of the abdomen
* Acute abdominal pain can indicate a ruptured appendix or diverticula which needs emergency surgery.
* A ruptured aortic aneurysm, ruptured fallopian tube, ruptured ovarian cyst, ectopic pregnancy, or penetrating trauma can cause abdominal bleeding, resulting in hypovolemic shock and death.
* Massive amounts of blood can collect in the cavity quickly.
28
Describe an urgent assessment of the musculoskeletal system
Do not attempt to correct malalignment because it can compound injury to muscle, nerves, or blood vessels. Instead, mobilize the extremity. Fractures require prompt care to prevent further injury or deformity. Focus your efforts on keeping the patient calm, quiet, still, and comfortable.
29
Describe s/s urgent assessment of the neurological system
| Critical changes in the neurological system
Acute changes in mental status or change in consciousness
- Seizure activity
- Onset of flexor or extensor posturing
- Change in size and decreased reactivity to light in pupils
- Onset of conjugate or dysconjugate eye deviation
- Progressing weakness of extremities or one side of body
- Changes in sensation identification
- Changes in vitals sings
- Fever (infection)
30
How to best communicate with someone who has aphasia
Remember that with aphasia you may need to make your questions simple and close-ended (yes or no). Also, you may need to incorporate visual or audio assistance. You may could give a note pad and pen so the patient can write how they feel if this is possible with the patient. Sometimes that can be affected as well.
31
What does the cerebellum do?
* Coordinates voluntary movement, posture, and muscle tone
* Maintains special orientation and equilibrium.
* It ensures adjustments to maintain overall balance and coordination
* It integrates info from the cerebral cortex, inner ear, muscles, and joints.
32
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
I. Olfactory
II. Optic
III. Oculomotor
IV. Trochlear
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
IX. Glossopharyngeal
X. Vagus
XI. Accessory
XII. Hypoglossal
33
Describe the test for cranial nerve I
Eyes closed, occlude one nostril, present familiar aromatic substance. Identify older with each side of nose.
34
Describe the test for cranial nerve II
Test visual acuity and visual fields by confrontation.
- Using ophthalmoscope, examine ocular fundus to determine color, size, and shape of optic disc
35
Test for cranial nerves III, IV, and VI
Check pupils for size, regularity, equality, direct and consensual light reaction, and accommodation
- Assess extraocular movements by cardinal positions of gaze
36
Test for cranial nerve V
Motor: assess muscles of mastication by palpating temporal and masseter muscles as person clenches teeth
Sensory: eyes closed, test light touch sensation buy touching a cotton wisp to designated areas on person's face, forehead, cheeks, and chin
37
Test for cranial nerve VII
Motor: Note mobility and facial symmetry as person responds to requests to smile, frown, close eyes tightly (against your attempt to open them), lift eyebrows, show teeth. Then, have person puff cheeks, then press puffed cheeks in, to see that air escapes equally from both sides.
Sensory: Test only when suspected facial nerve injury. When indicated, test sense of taste by applying cotton tip applicator covered with solution of sugar, salt, or lemon juice to tongue and ask person to identify taste
38
Test for cranial nerve VIII
Test hearing acuity by ability to hear normal conversation and by whispered voice test
39
Test for cranial nerves IX and X
Motor: depress tongue with tongue blade, and note pharyngeal movement as person says "ahhh" or yawns; uvula and soft palate should rise in midline and tonsil lair pillars should move medially. Touch posterior pharyngeal wall with tongue blade, and note gag reflex; voice should sound smooth not strained.
Sensory: Cranial nerve IX does mediate taste on posterior one third of tongue, but technically too difficult to test
40
Test for cranial nerve XI
Examine sternomastoid and trapezius muscles for equal size.
- Check equal strength by asking person to rotate head against resistance applied to side of chin
- Ask person to shrug shoulders against resistance
- These movements should feel equally strong on both sides
41
Test for cranial nerve XII
Inspect tongue; no wasting or tremors should be present
- Note forward thrust in midline as person protrudes tongue.
- Ask person to say "light, tight, dynamite," and note that lingual speech (sounds of letter l,t,d,n) is clear and distinct
42
How is the DTR scale graded?
4 point scale
- 4 = very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, indicative of disease
- 3= brisker than average, may indicate disease
- 2 = average, normal
- 1 = diminished, low normal, or occurs with reinforcement
- 0 = no response
43
Describe a colorectal screening
Starting at age 50, both men and women should follow one of these more common testing plans for bowel cancer:
- Colonoscopy every 10 years
- Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
- Yearly guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT)
- Stool DNA test (sDNA) every 3 years)
44
What is the Glasgow Coma Scale
A tool for assessment a patient's response to stimuli. Score ranges from 3 (deep coma) to 15 (normal)
45
Describe the Glasgow Coma Scale ratings
Eye opening: 4 (spontaneous), 3 (to voice), 2 (to pain), 1 (none)
Verbal response: 5 (oriented), 4 (confused), 3 (inappropriate words), 2 (incomprehensible words), 1 (none)
Motor response: 6 (obeys command), 5 (localized pain), 4 (withdraws), 3 (flex ion), 2 (extension), 1 (none)
46
Describe Migraine headaches
A throbbing, severe, unilateral headache that lasts 6-24 hours and is associated with photophobia, nausea, and vomiting suggests migraine
- A constant, unremitting, general headache that is described as a feeling of a tight band around the head and lasts for days, weeks, or even months is usually characteristic of a tension muscle contraction headache.
47
What are risk factors for breast cancer?
Alcohol
- Overweight or obesity
- Physical inactivity
- History of childbirth
- Birth control
- Hormone replacement after menopause
- Breastfeeding
48
What are risk factors for abdominal problems?
| Risk factors for developing abdominal problems
Past medical history
- Chewing and swallowing
- Breathing
- Weight gain
- Genitourinary issues
- Last menstrual period in females
- Prostate difficulties in males
- Joint pain
- Numbness, back problems, or loss of bladder/bowel control
- Diabetes
- Skin changes
- Food allergies or infection
- Substance abuse
49
What are risk factors for musculoskeletal problems?
| What in a person's lifestyle puts them at risk?
Past medical history
- Dairy product consumption
- Sunlight exposure
- Type of work you do
- Hobbies and sports
- Income and people that live on it
- Cigarette/Alcohol use
- Meds and family history
50
What are risk factors for neurological problems?
* Past medical history
* diabetes, CAD, A-fib, or Sickle cell disease
* smoking, have a high fat diet, obesity, or are physically inactive
* not using a seat belt, not wearing a bike helmet, drink and drive, have fall risk, or ignore firearm safety
* Meds
* Family history
51
What are the parts of the cerebrum and their functions?
Frontal: complex cognition (insight), language, and voluntary motor function
- Temporal: hearing, speech, behavior, memory
- Parietal: Sensory- temp, touch, pressure, and pain;
- Occipital: Vision
- Left control right, right controls left
52
Describe nerves of the Brain stem (medulla, midbrain, pons, and reticular formation) and what they control
Cranial Nerves I-XII. Cell bodies housed in brain stem
- Breathing, sneezing, coughing, swallowing, et
53
What do Protective structures (Cerebrospinal fluid) do?
Allows for nutrient delivery and cushion
- Be aware as increased CSF can lead to herniation and compression of brain stem ——> loss of basic vital functions
54
Describe Proper documentation for musculoskeletal
Posture is erect with head midline above the spine. Shoulders are equal in height.
- Walking is normally smooth and rhythmic, with arms swinging in opposition to the legs. The patient rises from sitting with ease
- Patient is balanced when standing and has a negative Romberg test
- Patient performs rapid alternating movements of the arms and finger thumb opposition and runs the heel of one foot down the opposite shin
- No swelling, lacerations, lesions, deformi
55
Describe Proper documentation for neurological assessment
Patient alert; opens eyes spontaneously
- Oriented x4
- Speech is clear, fluent, and articulate
- Pupils equal, round, and reactive to light (PERRL)
- PERRLA (A for accommodation)
- Pupils constrict and converge bilaterally. Gaze is purposeful and conjugate
- Movements smooth and symmetrical
56
Describe Proper documentation for abdominal assessment
Abdomen flat and symmetric. No scars, striae, or varicosity. Skin even-toned. Umbilicus midline and inverted. No hernias noted.
- No dissension, visible pulsation, or peristaltic wave noted. Respiration even, no use of accessory muscles.
- Urine is clear and light yellow.
- No emesis.
- Stool is soft, light brown, moderate amount
- Bowel sounds present in all four quadrants
- No bruits, venous hums, or friction rubs
- Abdomen tympanic. No dullness over the liver in the RUP and hollow tympanic notes in the LUQ over the gastric bubble.
- No tenderness
- Abdomen without masses
57
Describe Proper documentation for breast exam
Females:
- Skin tone determines color.
- Wide variation exists for size
- Symmetrical, or a left breast slightly larger than the right.
- Contour uninterrupted
- Areola round or oval, and pink to dark brown
- No change in color, seize, symmetry, or contour of the breast or change in nipple characteristics
- No signs of rashes, infection, texture changes, or unusual pigmentation
- One or more small, soft, nontender nodes
- Nipple smooth without masses, nodules, or discharge
58
Describe Weber test
Assessing for sensorineural hear loss
- Likely in ear ear pathology if sound is not equal in both ears
- Tuning fork on top of head
59
Describe the Rinne Test
Air conduction should be twice bone conduction
- If air conduction is < or = to bone conduction, suspect conductive hearing loss.
- Tuning fork right behind the ear
60
What are Age related changes for GI
Difficulty swallowing and absorbing food
Constipation
Chewing difficulty and alter dietary choice
Liver and Kidney alters med metabolization, decreases thirst sensation increases risk for dehydration, UTIs, and constipation
61
What are Age related changes for musculoskeletal
Increase risk for fall
- Kyphosis
- Shortened height
- Decrease ROM
- Loss of muscle
- Less flexible
- Changes in subq fat
- Osteoporosis
62
What are age related changes for neuro?
* Reduction in brain volume most likely related to shrinkage or neurons and reduction in number synaptic spines and synapses.
* Reduce cognitive abilities, such as processing speed, executive function, episodic memory, reduced response to stimuli, delayed reflexes, decreases ability to respond to multiple stimuli, and the ability to manage multiple tasks at the same time.
* Peripheral nerve function and impulse conduction decrease, causing decrease proprioception and potential for a Parkinson-like gait
* At risk for poor balance, postural hypotension, falls, and injury
* Light touch and pain sensation are reduced, wit
63
What is nystagmus
A jerking movement of the eye that can be quick and fluttering or slow and rolling, similar to a tremor
- Causes include meds (anti seizure meds), cerebellar disease, weakness in the extra-ocular muscles, and damage to CN III (oculomotor)
64
What is carpal tunnel?
Median nerve compression causing Paresthesia and weakness in hands
-Diagnosis: Phalen and Tinel
65
What is scoliosis?
Lateral curvature of spine
- Critical time for assessment: adolescents
- Inspect back, hips, scapulae, shoulders for symmetry. Bend forward with arms hanging and stand up
- Palpate spine
66
What is osteoporosis?
Women experience rapid loss of bone density for the first 5-7 years after menopause. After initial rapid phase, bone loss continues but slows. Men also experience bone loss but at more advanced ages and at much slower rates. Bone mass is related to race, heredity, hormonal factors, physical activity, and calcium intake
67
What are risks for osteoporosis?
Small, boney framed women
- Smoking
- Low calcium
- High salt intake
- Alcohol
- Physical inactivity
68
What kind of screening is done for osteoporosis?
bone density test (DEXA scan) is recommended for women who 65 and older and for women who are 50-64 and have certain risk factors
69
How can you prevent osteoporosis?
* Maintaining an active lifestyle and healthy weight. 30 min weight bearing exercise 3 times per week
* Protection of joints while performing simple tasks
* Daily recommended amount of calcium and vitamin D. Limit caffeine
* Discuss risks of osteoporosis with provider
* Bone density test and meds
70
What can cause an enlarged spleen?
Mono
71
Where is the spleen?
Left upper quadrant
72
What are the abnormal contours for the abdomen?
Scaphoid, rounded, or protuberant
73
What can cause the abnormal abdomen contours?
Ascites, tumors, gas, pregnancy
74
What does a normal abdomen look like?
Flat and symmetric. No scars, striae or varicosity. Skin-even toned, no hernias, no dissension or pulsation.
75
Describe abnormal urine color
Cloudy (infection), bloody (bacteria, kidney stones), dark (bilirubin, dehydration)
76
Describe abnormal vomit (emesis)
Green (bile), coffee ground (old blood), bloody (bleeding in upper GI tract)
77
Describe abnormal stool
Foul-smelling, very liquid, dark stools, melanotic (black,tarry)
78
Describe normal urine
Clear and light yellow
79
Describe normal vomit
None present
80
Describe normal stool
Soft, light brown, and formed
81
What is your concern for bloody vomit in alcoholic patients?
varicose veins in the throat
82
Describe normal bowel sounds
Gurgling present in all 4 quadrants
83
What are hyperactive bowel sounds indicitave of?
May indicate bowel obstruction and decreased below. Diarrhea
84
What are hypoactive bowel sounds indicitave of??
Ileus, peritonitis, post anesthesia.
85
What is an indication of early bowel obstruction?
High-pitched tinkling sound
86
What do you do if you hear no bowel sounds?
Listen in each quadrant for 5 minute
87
What are abnormal vascular sounds for the abdomen?
Bruits, venous hum, and friction rub
88
What are abnormal findings while percussing the abdomen?
Pain, dullness over mass, or fluid. CVA tenderness
89
What are normal findings during percussion of the abdomen?
Dullness over the liver in the RUQ. No pain with kidney percussion.
90
Describe splenic tip enlargement?
1-2cm beyond the rib cage
91
Describe moderate splenomegaly
3-7cm beyond the rib cage
92
Describe marked splenomegaly
7cm beyond rib cage, dangerous to ride in car
93
Should the bladder be palpable during an abdominal assessment?
No
94
Describe abnormal findings during palpation of the aorta
Aorta > then 3cm or lateral pulsations. Indicates aneurysm
95
Describe normal palpation of the aorta.
| How long is it?
Measures 2cm
96
Mrs. Jones presents to the emergency department complaining of severe pain in her abdomen
A. Auscultates the abdomen
B. Inspect the abdomen
C. Palpate the abdomen
D. Percussion the abdomen.
She has a history of liver transplant. What would the nurse know NOT to do?
C. Palpate the abdomen.
97
What is one topic pertinent to abdominal healthy promotion?
A. Early pregnancy care
B. Food-borne illness
C. Respiratory disease
D. Esophageal cancer
B. Food-borne illness
98
What is a fibrous joint?
Immovable joints such as sutures in the cranium
99
What is a cartilaginous joint?
Slightly movable joints such as costal cartilage between the sternum and ribs; symphysis pubis
100
What is a synovial joint?
Most common joint; freeely movable such as ball and socket (hip and shoulder) hinge (elbow and knee); pivot (atlas and axis); condyloid (wrist); saddle (thumb); gliding (intervertebral)
101
What is the temporomandibular joint responsible for?
Opening and closing
Protrusion and retraction
Gliding from side to side
102
What are the functions/motions of the wrist and hand?
| What motions do they perform?
Flexion
Extension
103
What are the functions/motions of the wrist and hand?
Flexion
Extension
104
What are the four curves of the spine?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral
105
Explain who osteoporosis affects, how long it lasts, risk factors, and treatments
Occurs most often in women
Rapid loss 5-7 years after menopause
Ongoing throughout life
Risk factors: Smoking, calcium deficiency, high salt intake, alcohol intake, and physical inactivity
Encourage lung term moderate intensity exercise
106
What are some musculoskeletal changes throughout the lifespan? (Adults)
Postural changes which leads to height loss (kyphosis)
Joints less flexible with age
Muscle mass begins to decrease after age 30 with greater muscle loss after 60- increases fall risk and stability
Subcutaneous fat distribution changes and weight gain increases between 40-60; begins to decrease after age 80
107
What puts you at risk for musculoskeletal problems?
| Characteristics
Age: Young at risk for injury; older at risk for osteoporosis
Gender: Women four times more likely to develop arthritis and develop osteoporosis which puts them at greater risk for injury
Ethnicity
Congenital deformity
Previous trauma or injury
Prior surgeries
108
What is curvature of the cervical spine?
Kyphosis
109
What are some lifestyle risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders?
Dairy products: calcium intake (or lack of)
Sunlight: Vitamin D drives calcium into the bone
Occupation: Risk of injury due to repetitive emotions, movements, twisting, or heavy lifting.
Hobbies: sports, activities, safety with motor vehicles
Income: inquiring about socioeconomic status and sick time
Tobacco and alcohol: Higher risk for osteoporosis and fractures. Alcohol interferes with Vit D absorption
ADL’s and self-care capability
110
What are common symptoms for the musculoskeletal system? (Pain or discomfort)
Arthritic pain often worse during the cold
Rheumatoid pain often worse in mornings and better with activity
Weakness, tingling, numbness, nerve compression.
Limited ROM
111
What are some common symptoms for the musculoskeletal system? (Weakness)
Muscle weakness, worse after activity can be dehydration or electrolyte imbalance
112
What are some common symptoms of musculoskeletal issues? (Stiffness and limited movement)
| Conditions that limist movement
Generalized swelling or isolated to a joint
Contractures result from prolonged positioning
113
What can cause muscle atrophy?
Disuse
114
What are some common symptoms of a lack of balance and coordination?
| And what can cause it?
Fall/injury risk.
Ataxia,
Parkinson’s,
MS,
strokes,
tumors inner ear problems or medication.
115
How should posture look?
Should be erect with head midline above shoulders; shoulders in equal height
116
Describe proper gait and mobility
Walking is normal and rhythmic with arms swinging in opposite directions. Rises from sitting with ease.
117
Describe proper balance
Patient should be balanced when standing and has negative Rhomberg test
118
Describe proper coordination
Rapid alternating movements are intact
119
Explain proper inspection of extremities
| What things shouldn't be present?
No swelling, lacerations, or deformity
120
Explain proper palpation of the musculoskeletal
| What should you not find with palpation?
No nodules, tenderness or deformity
Joint ROM: Never force joint. Stop with discomfort
121
What symptoms of the musculoskeletal system require urgent assessment?
| What important things to assess first?
Malalignment, GALS screening.
122
What are some potential alterations to the GI system for older adults?
Poor dentition
* Decreased muscle mass, tone
* Decreased motility, peristalsis bloating, distention,
constipation
* Liver shrinkage decreased medication metabolism
* Decreased renal function decreased medication efficacy
123
What are the organs of the GI system?
Esophagus
Stomach
Small
Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum &
Ileum
Large
Intestine
124
What does the liver do?
Produces and secretes bile to emulsify fat
* Metabolizes protein, carbohydrates, and fats
* Converts glucose to glycogen and stores it
* Produces clotting factors, fibrinogen, and plasma proteins such as albumin
* Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
* Stores fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K; vitamin B12; and copper and iron
* Converts conjugated bilirubin from blood to unconjugated bilirubin
125
aWhat is the gallbladder?
Located on back side of liver in RUQ
* Stores and concentrates bile
126
What is the pancreas and what does it do?
| Where is it located?
Located in LUQ
* Endocrine functions:
* Secretes insulin and regulates blood glucose levels
* Secretes glucagons that store carbohydrates
* Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion
* Secretes pancreatic polypeptide that regulates release of pancreatic enzymes
* Exocrine functions:
* Secretes digestive enzymes that digests starches into maltose, breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol and proteins into amino acids
127
What do the kidneys do?
Control blood pressure through the production of renin
* Stimulate red blood cell production by secreting erythropoietin
* Remove waste products filtered by the kidneys from the body
128
What does the bladder do?
Aids in the removal of waste products from the body in the form of urine
129
What does the aorta do?
Supplies oxygenated blood to the cells and organs of the lower half of the body
130
What are some symptoms that require prompt attention?
| general symptoms
Severe dehydration: nausea, vomiting
* Fever
* Acute abdominal pain
131
What are some general GI questions about?
chewing and
swallowing
* Breathing; weight gain; GU issues; joint pain
* Neurological system; metabolism; skin
* Lymphatic, hematological systems
* Substance abuse; occupation; foreign travel
* Lifestyle
* Medications
* Family history
132
What are some health promotion goals for the GI system?
Colorectal cancer screening
* Reduce new cases of ESRD
* Reduce cirrhosis deaths
133
What is one topic pertinent to abdominal
health promotion?
A. Early pregnancy care
B. Food-borne illness
C. Respiratory disease
D. Esophageal cancer
. Food-borne illness
Rationale: Three areas of focus involving the GI system
include colorectal cancer, food-borne illness, and
hepatitis.
134
What are some commonly reported abdominal problem symptoms?
ndigestion; anorexia
* Nausea, vomiting, hematemesis; abdominal pain
* Dysphagia, odynophagia
* Change in bowel function
* Constipation; diarrhea
* Jaundice/icterus
* Urinary/renal symptoms
* Incontinence; kidney/flank pain; ureteral colic
135
What does a normal abdomen look like?
Abdomen flat and symmetric. No scars, striae or varicosity. Skin even-toned,
unmilizus midline. No hernias noted. No distension or visible pulsation.
136
How do you inspect the abdomen for abnormalities?
Inspect the abdomen, starting from the right side. Check for shape, contour, and movement. Inspect the urine for clarity-color (blood, hydration, bilirubin). Inspect emesis for blood, hydration, and bile. Inspect stool for blood (frank, melena, occult), C. Diff, and incontinence.
137
How do you auscultate the abdomen for abnormalities?
Auscultate all four quadrants. Place diaphragm gently in one quadrant (staring in bottom right and working clock wise). Checking for bowel and vascular sounds
138
How do you percuss the abdomen for abnormalities?
Percuss all four quadrants, border of spleen and liver, and kidney. listen for tympany, dullness, or pain.
139
How do you palpate the abdomen for abnormalities?
Light palpating in all four quadrants (1/2-1 inch) in a rotating motion to check for grimacing or guarding (pain) , then lift your fingertips and move to the next location.
- Deep palpating to assess organ, masses, and tenderness (1 1/2 in-2 1/2 in)
140
What is a goniometer?
Tool used to measure the angle of a joint in physical therapy
141
What does the frontal lobe control?
Complex cognition, language, and voluntary motor function
142
What does the temporal lobe control?
Hearing, speech, behavior, memory
143
What does the parietal lobe control?
Tempt, touch, pressure and pain
recognize the size, shape, and texture of objects
144
What does the occipital lobe control?
Vision
145
Which side of the brain controls which side of the body?
The left side of the brain controls the right side of the body
The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body.
146
What does the cerebellum control?
Coordination, posture, muscle tone, equilibrium
147
How does the degeneration of the neuro system present in older adults?
Processing speed slows
Degeneration of tissue
Dementia
Alzheimer’s
148
What are some important assessments of the neuro system?
LOC
Pupillary reaction
Gross assessment of extremity strength
Gross assessment of sensation
If consciousness impaired, asses other CNs, gag reflex, EOMS, corneal reflex
Vital signs
149
What demographic is twice as likely to die from stroke compared to caucasians?
African Americans
150
Who is at a high CV risk? (Not African Americans)
Hispanics and Native Americans
151
What subjective data related to neuro would you ask the patient
Biographical info
Past medical history: (neuro problems head injury)
Lifestyle and Personal habits: (DM, CAD, A Fib)
Medications
Family History: Alzheimer’s, epilepsy
152
What are some common neuro symptoms?
Headaches
Weakness of single limb or one side
Generalized weakness
Involuntary movements or tremors
Imbalance, incoordination
Dizziness or vertigo
Difficulty swallowing
Change in intellectual abilities
Expressive/receptive aphasia
Alteration in touch, taste, or smell
Loss of vision in one or both eyes, blurred vision
Hearing loss or tinnitus
153
What are the different levels of consciousness?
Alert wakefulness
Confusion
Drowsiness
Stupor
Coma
154
How do you assess a client’s arousability?
| Things a client can respond to
Spontaneous
Normal voice
Loud voice
Touch
Noxious stimulation
155
What objective data can we collect about a patient related to neuro?
Orientation to time
Orientation to place
Registration
Attention and calculation
Recall language
Repetition
Complex commands
156
What motor function do we assess with relation to neuro?
| What tests do we do?
Muscle bulk and tone
Muscle strength: 0-5+
Pronator drift
tandem walking
Romberg test
157
Where is Broca’s area and what does it do?
Frontal lobe, verbal expression
158
How do you assess an unconscious patient?
Vitals
LOC using GCS
Pupillary assessment
Brain stem assessment
Brain herniation syndromes
159
What does a brain stem assessment look for?
| What reflexes?
Dolls eye reflex, corneal reflex, gag reflex
160
What are symptoms of brain herniation syndromes
Pupils fixed and dilated
No response to pain
161
What are abnormal posture findings related to neuro?
flexion
Extension
Hemiplegia
162
What are diagnostic procedures for neuro?
CT scan
MRI
EEG
Lumbar puncture
163
Main purpose of the cerebellum?
Balance and coordination
164
What is the sympathetic nervous system for?
Fight or flight
165
What is the parasympathetic nervous system for
Rest and digest
166
What does the autonomic nervous system do?
Sense changes and make changes based on input
167
What does the Glasgow Coma Response asses?
Vocal response, eye opening, motor function
168
What happens to the neurological function of adults as they age?
Processing speed slows
Degeneration of tissue
Dementia, alzheimer’s
169
What are some common subjective neurological symptoms reported by patients?
| Common things reported by patients
Dizziness or vertigo
Difficulty swallowing
Change in intellectual abilities
Expressive/receptive aphasia
Stroke or Alzheimer’s/dementia
Alteration in touch, taste, or smell: Paresthesia
Loss of vision in one or both eyes, blurred vision
Hearing loss or tinnitus
170
What are some abnormal movement findings?
| Abnormal motions of muscles
Tremors, paralysis, tremor, clonus/myoclonus, dystonia
171
What can cause dark stool?
Medications, iron supplements, pepto.
172
What causes tarry stools?
GI bleed
173
What indicates an esophageal bleed?
Bright red blood in vomit
174
What are s/s of GI bleed?
Abdominal pain
Nausea
Indigestion
Vomiting
Dizziness
Hypotension
Fatigue
Passing out
175
S/s of appendicitis
RLQ abdominal pain
Radiated to belly button
Vomiting
Nausea
Fever
176
s/s of constipation
Distended abdomen
Diarrhea
Hard pellets of stool
Poor fluid intake
177
Percussion findings for constipation?
Dullness over colon
Tenderness over colon
178
S/s of gallbladder issues?
Pain in right upper quadrant
Worse after greasy fatty foods
179
What ethnicity is most likely to develop osteoporosis?
Whites
180
What are s/s of rheumatoid arthritis?
Emotional stress
Autoimmune disease
Systemic
Commonly in finger joints
ESR and rheumatoid factor lab work
Proximal
181
Different types of rheumatoid arthritis?
Swan neck and (insert name here)
182
Describe osteoarthritis
| s/s and what causes it
Localized pain
Caused by overuse
Distal
Can be on one side or the other
183
Tests for balance and coordination?
Rhomberg test
Tandem gate
Finger to nose
184
Where do we check deep tendon reflexes?
Knee (patellar)
Achilles
Elbow
Wrist
Brachial
185
What are s/s of Parkinson’s?
Shuffling gat
Tremor
Pill rolling
Stooped posture
Absent face
186
What are some important colorectal screenings?
Colonoscopy 10 years
Flexible sigmoidoscopy 5 years
Fecal occult blood test 3 years
Fecal DNA test every 3 years
187
What are risk factors for stroke?
HTN
Nicotine use
Bleeding disorder
High cholesterol (triglycerides and LDL)
Obesity
DM
Race
Age
Exercise
188
189
S/s of stroke?
Facial droop
Unilateral droop
Slurred speech
Intense headache
LOC
Dysphagia
Reduced pupil response
Aphasia
190
What 3 things does the Glasgow Coma Scale measure?
Eye, verbal, and motor response
191
What score is comatose on the GSC scale?
Anything less than 8
192
What are s/s of migraines
Unilateral headache
Photophobia
Nausea
Vomiting
Aura
Migraines without headache
193
How to prevent migraines?
Avoid triggers
194
What can possibly stop migraine headaches in small amounts?
Caffeine
195
What is disorientation after a seizure?
Post ictal (idk how to spell it)
196
What is nystagmus
involuntary rapid twitching of the eye.
197
What are normal percussion findings for the abdomen?
Abdomen tympanic
Dullness over liver in RUQ
Hollow tympanic in LUQ over gastric bubble
Tympany over most of abdomen'
198
True or False, the bladder is always palpable
False; the bladder is nonpalpable
199
What test is used for peritonitis?
Blumerg sign
200
Where is Wernicke's area and what does it do?
Temporal lobe, processes language
