Nuclear Chemistry

Question 1

The study of atomic nuclei and the changes they undergo. It involves understanding nuclear reactions, radiation, and the behavior of radioisotopes.

Answer 1

Nuclear Chemistry

Question 2

Who name the “radioactivity”

Answer 2

Marie Curie

Question 3

When was Wilhelm Roentgen discovers X-rays

Answer 3

1895

Question 4

When was Antoine Henri Bequerel discovers radiation from uranium salts, leading to the identification of radioactivity

Answer 4

1896

Question 5

Continued research on uranium radiation, leading to the discovery of the elements Radium (Ra) and Polonium (Po). They coined the term
“radioactivity” and were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 along with Becquerel.

Answer 5

Marie and Pierre Curie

Question 6

The spontaneous emission of radiation as a result of the nucleus of an atom undergoing a change

Answer 6

Radioactivity

Question 7

Atoms with unstable nuclei are called

Answer 7

radioisotopes or radionuclides

Question 8

Protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Answer 8

Nucleons

Question 9

A nucleus with a specific number of protons and neutrons. Represented by the element’s symbol, mass number, and atomic number.

Answer 9

Nuclide

Question 10

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons but the same atomic number.

Answer 10

Isotopes

Question 11

Do not undergo radiation and are not radioactive.

Answer 11

Stable isotopes

Question 12

Release radiation to become stable. These are radioactive.

Answer 12

Unstable isotopes

Question 13

Stability of a nucleus is determined by the

Answer 13

Neutron to proton ratio

Question 14

• Emission of a helium nucleus (2 protons, 2 neutrons).
• Reduces the atomic number by 2 and mass number by 4.
• Alpha particles are not harmful outside the body but can be harmful if ingested.

Answer 14

Alpha Decay

Question 15

• A neutron is converted into a proton and an electron (beta particle) is emitted.
• Increases the atomic number by 1 (mass number stays the same).
• Beta particles can be stopped by a few millimeters of aluminum.

Answer 15

Beta Decay

Question 16

• Emission of high-energy electromagnetic radiation (gamma rays) from an excited nucleus.
• Does not change the atomic number or mass number.
• Requires lead, steel, or concrete to be stopped.

Answer 16

Gamma Decay

Question 17

• A proton is converted into a neutron, and a positron is emitted.
• Decreases the atomic number by 1.

Answer 17

Positron Emission

Question 18

• An electron is captured by a proton-rich nucleus and combines with a proton to form a neutron.

Answer 18

Electron capture

Question 19

The original radioactive atom before decay.

Answer 19

Parent Nuclide

Question 20

The atom formed after the radioactive decay of the parent nuclide.

Answer 20

Daughter Nuclide

Question 21

The particles and energy emitted during radioactive decay.

Answer 21

Radiation

Question 22

The time required for half of the nuclei in a sample of a radioactive substance to decay.

Answer 22

Half life

Question 23

made significant contributions to the study of radioactivity, earning the Nobel Prize in 1903.

Answer 23

Marie Curie

Question 24

involves the emission of radiation and the transformation of an unstable parent nuclide into a stable daughter nuclide.

Answer 24

Radioactive decay

Question 25

Atoms are arranged in an ordered pattern

Answer 25

Crystalline materials

Question 26

Atom are arranged randomly

Answer 26

Amorphous materials

Question 27

An oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction in which a metal undergoes oxidation when exposed to environmental factors such as moisture, oxygen, salt, and acidic conditions.

Answer 27

Corrosion

Question 28

the water on the top of sediments is allowed to pass through a combination of porous media (sand, gravel, activated charcoal) to trap the suspended particles that was not removed by sedimentation process.

Answer 28

Filtration

Question 29

Water is gently stirred to enable growth of larger particles with more settleable masses and this process is known as.

Answer 29

flocculation

Question 30

is carried out using chemicals called coagulants such as aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride to destabilize the particles and enabling them to form flocs.

Answer 30

Coagulation

Question 31

is a measure of the relative clarity of water and is measured using a nephelometer.

Answer 31

Turbidity

Question 32

is the process of making water suitable for safety potable and other basic consumption.

Answer 32

Wastewater treatment

Question 33

is the physical, chemical, biological and aesthetic characteristics of water which determines its fitness for a variety of uses and for protecting the health and integrity of aquatic ecosystems.

Answer 33

Water quality

Question 34

The sample (raw water) is collected in large aeration tank. The water sample is aerated by using compressed air through perforated pipes. It removes bad odors, CO2 and some metals such as iron, manganese thru precipitation of their respective hydroxides.

Answer 34

Aeration

Question 35

The aerated water is then placed in settling tank which should be stored for 10-14 days. Some of the suspended solids heavier toxic chemicals will settle down and water becomes clear. In addition, pathogenic bacteria will gradually decrease in counts. During the storage organic matters present in water sample is oxidized by microorganisms

Answer 35

Storage/ Settling

Question 36

Water sample is then placed in coagulation tank with addition of precipitating agents such as alum or lime. There should be constant stirring inside the tank. There will formation of precipitate when dissolved in water. Gradually the mass of the suspended solid becomes heavier and finally settle down.

Answer 36

Coagulation

Question 37

The partially clarified water is then passthrough sand gravity filter which removes impurities and microorganisms. During the process unpleasant odor may occur, activated carbon can be used in filter bed to remove bad odors.

Answer 37

Filtration

Question 38

The final stage is disinfection of the filtered water by using disinfectants such as chlorination. In this stage, disinfection kills pathogenic and other microorganism in water. After disinfection, water is distributed for domestic distribution.

Answer 38

Disinfection