NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
An unbranched polymer containing the nucleotides.
A
NUCLEIC ACIDS
2
Q
A nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of the heterocyclic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or thymine.
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
3
Q
A nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains ribose, a phosphate group, and one of the heterocyclic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil.
A
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
4
Q
Who discovered nucleic acids in 1869 while studying the nuclei of white blood cells?
A
FRIEDRICH MIESCHER
5
Q
Who coined DNA molecule as three-dimensional double helix structure
A
JAMES DEWEY WATSON & FRANCIS CRICK
6
Q
Are strands of DNA in a double helix with base pairing such that each base is located opposite its complementary base?
A
Complementary DNA strands
7
Q
These stacking interactions are as important in their stabilization effects as is the hydrogen bonding associated with base pairing—perhaps even more important.
A
Hydrogen bond and Base stacking
8
Q
The most common or prinicipal form of the DNA double helix that occurs in nature.
A
B-DNA
9
Q
a form of a DNA double helix characterized by having fewer residues per turn and major and minor grooves with dimensions that are more similar to each other than those of B-DNA. Found as artifact of DNA preparation or dehydrated B-DNA samples
A
A-DNA
10
Q
has been seen to occur naturally under certain circumstances. Has zigzag look of the phosphodiester backbone when viewed from the side.
A
Z-DNA
11
Q
TYPE OF STRAND:
Double helix w/ anti-parallel & complementary strands Single strand
A
DNA
12
Q
LENGTH OF STRANDS:
Longer
A
DNA
13
Q
LOCATION:
Found in the nucleus, with a small amount
also present in mitochondria.
A
DNA
14
Q
PRIMARY FUNCTION:
Replicates and stores or the blueprint genetic information
A
DNA
15
Q
SUGAR UNIT:
Deoxyribose (deoxygenated at C2)
A
DNA
16
Q
TYPE OF STRAND:
Single strand
A
RNA
17
Q
LENGTH OF STRANDS :
Shorter
A
RNA
18
Q
LOCATION:
Forms in the nucleolus, and then moves to
specialized regions of the cytoplasm
depending on the type of RNA formed.
A
RNA
19
Q
PRIMARY FUNCTION:
converts the genetic information contained
within DNA to a format used to build proteins
A
RNA
20
Q
SUGAR UNIT:
Ribose
A
RNA
21
Q
Sugar + Base
A
Nucleosides
22
Q
Nucleoside + Phosphate
A
Nucleotide
23
Q
The two polynucleotide chains run in opposite direction is called
A
Antiparallel
24
Q
Double helix model of DNA is based on
A
- Chargaff Rule
- X-ray diffraction photographs
25
(A and T) & (G and C) are present in equimolar quantities
Chargaff Rule
26
Obtained by Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins
X-ray Diffraction photographs
27
At each end of the double helix, there is ___ and ___ terminus
One 5' -OH & One 3' -OH
28
HELIX TURN:
Right-handed it winds in the direction of the fingers of the right hand as the thumb is placed upward
A-DNA
28
Present mostly In DNA-RNA hybrids or
RNA-RNA double stranded
regions
A-DNA
28
MAJOR GROVE:
Narrow & Deep
MINOR GROOVE:
Wide & Shallow
A-DNA
28
Are pairs of bases in a nucleic acid structure that can hydrogen-bond to each other.
Complementary bases
29
How many number of base pairs per helical turn A-DNA has?
11 / 11.6
29
How many number of base pairs per helical turn B-DNA has?
10
29
How many number of base pairs per helical turn Z-DNA has?
12
29
Present mostly in Chromosomal DNA
B-DNA
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Present mostly in In sequence of alternating purines and pyrimidines
(ex. polyGC like dCpGpCpGpCpG)
Z-DNA
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MAJOR GROVE:
Wide & Deep
MINOR GROOVE:
Narrow & Deep
B-DNA
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MAJOR GROVE:
Flat
MINOR GROOVE:
Narrow & Deep
Z-DNA
31
Is a two-subunit molecule in which a pentose sugar is bonded to a nitrogencontaining heterocyclic base
Nucleoside
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Is a three-subunit molecule in which a pentose sugar is bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base.
Nucleotide
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What are the three major types of DNA
A-DNA
B-DNA
Z-DNA
34
What are the five major types of RNA
hnRNA
snRNA
mRNA
rRNA
tRNA
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Is the sequence in which nucleotides are linked together in a nucleic acid.
Primary Nucleic Acid Structure
36
The biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves
DNA Replication
37
Pair of the two strands of the DNA double helix
TEMPLATES or PATTERNS
38
The point at which the DNA double helix is unwinding, which is constantly changing (moving).
REPLICATION FORK
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influences the unwinding of DNA double helix, and the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases are broken
DNA HELICASE
40
verifies that the base pairing is correct and then catalyzes the formation of a new phosphodiester linkage between the nucleotide and the growing strand
DNA POLYMERASE III
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short segments, (after their discoverer, Reiji Okazaki), as the DNA unwinds
OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS
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The breaks or gaps in the daughter strand
NICKS
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The strand that grows continuously
LEADING STRAND
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The strand that is synthesized in small segments
LAGGING STRAND
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an individual DNA molecule bound to a group of proteins. 15% by mass DNA and 85% by mass protein.
CHROMOSOMES
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A complex of DNA and protein found in
eukaryotic nuclei
CHROMATIN
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Basic proteins found complexed to eukaryotic DNA
HISTONES
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A globular structure in chromatin in which
DNA is wrapped around an aggregate of histone molecules
NUCLEOSOME
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Five main types of histones
H1
H2A
H2B
H3
H4
49
DNA is found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells & circular plasmids. Not found inside the organelles
PROKARYOTIC DNA
50
Consist of 1 copy of genome and contains of small number of genes
PROKARYOTIC DNA
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Organized into single chromosomes and Not packed with histones and condenses to form nucleoid
PROKARYOTIC DNA
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Introns are absent and DNA replication is rapid
PROKARYOTIC DNA
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Chromosome contains single origin of replication
PROKARYOTIC DNA
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Introduces a torsional stress that favors unwinding of the righthanded B-DNA double helix and are formed by underwound
Negative supercoiling
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Overwinds such a helix and are formed by overwound
Positive supercoiling
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Is analogous twisting or untwisting a rope so that it is torsionally stressed.
DNA Supercoiling
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Enzymes that are involved in changing
the supercoiled state of DNA.
TOPOISOMERASE
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2 TYPES OF TOPOISOMERASE
Class I Topoisomerase
Class II Topoisomerase
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Cut the phosphodiester backbone of one strand of DNA, pass the other end through, and then reseal the backbone.
Class I topoisomerases
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Cut both strands of DNA, pass some of the remaining DNA helix between the cut ends,
and then reseal.
Class II topoisomerase
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Is a bacterial topoisomerase that
introduces negative supercoils into DNA.
DNA Gyrase
60
Bacterial DNA gyrase is a unique target of a
group of anti-microbial agents called
Quinolones
61
DNA is found in the nucleus of the cell, inside the chloroplast & mitochondria
EUKARYOTIC DNA
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Consist of more than 1 copy of genome and contains of large number of genes
EUKARYOTIC DNA
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Organized into many chromosomes and Packed with histones to form chromatin
EUKARYOTIC DNA
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Introns are present and DNA replication is slow
EUKARYOTIC DNA
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Most species of bacteria (prokaryotes) also contain small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecules called
Plasmids
65
known as RNA-directed DNA polymerase. Used by retroviruses for reverse transcription.
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
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Synthesizes a short stretches of RNA (~10
nucleotides long) that are completely complementary and antiparallel to the DNA template
PRIMASE
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Is RNA that prime (lay down short strand of
ribonucleotide) and initiates
DNA synthesis.
RNA - PRIMER
66
Excise (removes) RNA primers from
fragments and replace it the required nucleotides.
DNA POLYMERASE I
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Connect two strands of DNA together by forming a bond between the phosphate group of one strand (synthesized by DNA pol III) and the deoxyribose group on another(made by DNA pol I) .
DNA LIGASE
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It is used in cells to join together the Okazaki fragments by the creation of phosphotidier bond
DNA LIGASE
69
Are a class of anticancer drugs that interfere with DNA replication because their structures are similar to molecules required for normal DNA replication.
ANTIMETABOLITES
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structurally resembles adenine
6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP)
71
As was the case with 6-MP, the close structural resemblance between thioguanine and guanine leads to the incorporation of thioguanine, rather than guanine, into nucleotides.
Thioguanine
71
Uracil is a base found in RNA rather than
DNA. However, its structure is close enough to that of thymine (which is methyluracil) that it can pass for thymine.
5-Fluorouracil
71
Formed directly by DNA transcription.
Post-transcription processing converts the heterogeneous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA.
Heterogeneous Nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
71
It is a structural analog of folic acid (folate). A derivative of folic acid is needed in one of the early steps of nucleotide synthesis.
It also inhibits the conversion of folic acid to this needed derivative, which shuts down DNA synthesis.
Methotrexate
71
Carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) to the sites for protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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Facilitates the conversion of heterogeneous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA.
It contains from 100 to 200 nucleotides.
Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
73
Combines with specifi c proteins to form ribosomes, the physical sites for protein synthesis.
Most abundant type of RNA in a cell (75% to 80% by mass).
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
74
Delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis. Are the smallest of the RNAs, possessing only 75–90 nucleotide units.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
74
It is a segment of a DNA strand that contains the base sequence for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule
GENE
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It is the process by which DNA directs the synthesis of hnRNA/mRNA molecules that carry the coded information needed for protein synthesis
TRANSCRIPTION
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It is all of the genetic material (the total DNA) contained in the chromosomes of an organism.
GENOME
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Unwinds DNA double helix structure during transcription
RNA POLYMERASE
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The strand of DNA used for hnRNA/mRNA synthesis
TEMPLATE STRAND
78
The other DNA strand, although not involved in RNA synthesis, gives the base sequence present in the hnRNA strand being synthesized (with the exception of U replacing T).
INFORMATIONAL STRAND
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It is a gene segment that conveys (codes for) genetic information
EXON
80
It is a gene segment that does not convey (code for) genetic information.
INTRON
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It is the process of removing introns from an hnRNA molecule and joining the remaining exons together to form an mRNA molecule.
SPLICING
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It is a large assembly of snRNA molecules and proteins involved in the conversion of hnRNA molecules to mRNA molecules.
SPLICEOSOMES
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It is a complex formed from an snRNA molecule and several proteins.
Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particle “snurps”
84
It is a process by which several different proteins that are variations of a
basic structural motif can be produced from a single gene
Alternative splicing
85
It is all of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome.
Transcriptome
86
It is a three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specifi c amino acid.
Codon
86
It is the assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids (or stop signals).
Genetic code
87
It is a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on an mRNA molecule.
Anticodon
87
What are the stop codons?
UAA
UGA
UAG
88
The ability of certain anticodons to pair with codons that differ at the third base
is called a
Wobble
89
It is the process by which mRNA codons are deciphered and a particular protein molecule is synthesized
TRANSLATION
90
What are the steps of translation?
1. Activation
2. Initiation
3. Elongation
4. Termination
5. Post - Transitional Processing
91
is an rRNA–protein complex that serves as the site for the translation phase of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
92
is the part of translation in which a ribosome moves down an mRNA molecule three base positions (one codon) so that a new codon can occupy the ribosomal A site.
Translocation
93
a complex of mRNA and several ribosomes.
Polyribosome
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P site
Peptidyl Site
95
A site
Aminoacyl Site
96
binds to the larger bacterial ribosome subunit, blocking the exit of a growing peptide chain.
Erythromycin
97
binds to the smaller bacterial ribosome subunit in a manner similar to streptomycin.
Neomycin
97
binds to the smaller bacterial ribosome subunit causing a shape change, which in turn causes a misreading of mRNA information.
Streptomycin
97
blocks the A-site location on the ribosome, preventing the attachment of amino-acid carrying tRNAs.
Terramycin
98
binds to the ribosome and interferes with the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids.
Chloramphenicol
99
is an error in base sequence in a gene that is reproduced during DNA replication.
Mutation
100
is a substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene.
Mutagen
101
is a permanent alteration in the DNA
sequence that makes up a gene
GENE or DNA MUTATION
102
are alterations that affect whole chromosomes and whole genes rather than just individual nucleotides
CHROMOSOME MUTATION
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A mutation in which one base in a DNA base sequence is replaced with another base.
POINT MUTATION
104
One base is incorrectly added during replication and replaces the pair in the corresponding position on the complementary strand
SUBSTITUTION
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A single nucleotide can change, but the new codon specifies the same amino acid, resulting in an unmutated protein.
SILENT MUTATION
105
This type of mutation is a change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene.
MISSENSE MUTATION
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Result in an amino acid change. However, the properties of the amino acid remain the same
CONSERVARTIVE MISSENSE
107
Result in an amino acid change that has
different properties than the wild type.
NONCONSERVARTIVE MISSENSE
108
When a base substitution results in a stop
codon ultimately truncating translation and
most likely leading to a nonfunctional
protein.
NONSENSE MUTATION
109
code for the same amino acid (a
"synonymous substitution"). A silent
mutation does not affect the functioning of
the protein.
SILENT MUTATION
110
happens when a base is inserted or deleted in a DNA molecule
FRAMESHIFT MUTATION
111
changes the number of DNA bases in a gene by adding a piece of DNA. As a result, the protein made by the gene may not function properly.
INSERTION MUTATION
112
changes the number of DNA bases by removing a piece of DNA. Small deletions may remove one or a few base pairs within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may alter the function of the resulting protein(s).
DELETION MUTATION
113
consists of a piece of DNA that is abnormally copied one or more times. This type of mutation may alter the function of the resulting protein.
DUPLICATION MUTATION
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A region of a chromosome is lost, resulting in the absence of all the genes in that area
DELETION
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A region of a chromosome is repeated, resulting in an increase in dosage from the genes in that region
DUPLICATION
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A region from one chromosome is aberrantly attached to another chromosome
TRANSLOCATION
116
One region of a chromosome is flipped and reinserted
INVERSION
117
One of the most common mechanism of DNA repair is called
Base Excision Repair (BER)
118
a mutation that increases the number of times that the short DNA sequence is repeated. This type of mutation can cause the resulting protein to function improperly
REPEAT EXPANSION MUTATION
119
A small particle that contains DNA or RNA (but not both) surrounded by a coat of protein and that cannot reproduce without the aid of a host cell.
Virus
120
is a preparation containing an inactive or weakened form of a virus or bacterium.
Vaccine
121
is the process whereby an organism is intentionally changed at the molecular (DNA) level so that it exhibits different traits
Genetic Engineering
122
is DNA that contains genetic material from two different organisms.
Recombinant DNA (rDNA)
123
is a method for rapidly producing multiple
copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence
Polymerase Chain Reaction
124
What is the amino acid of UUU & UUC?
Phenylalanine
125
What is the amino acid of UUA & UUG?
Leucine
126
What is the amino acid of UCU, UCC, UCA, & UCG?
Serine
127
What is the amino acid of UAU & UAC?
Tyrosine
128
What is the amino acid of UGU & UGC?
Cysteine
129
What is the amino acid of CUU, CUC, CUA & CUG?
Leucine
130
What is the amino acid of CCU, CCC, CCA & CCG?
Proline
131
What is the amino acid of CAU & CAC?
Histidine
132
What is the amino acid of CAA & CAG?
Glutamine
133
What is the amino acid of CGU, CGC, CGA & CGG?
Arginine
134
What is the amino acid of ACU, ACC, ACA & ACG?
Threonine
135
What is the amino acid of AAU & AAC?
Aspartic Acid
136
What is the amino acid of AAA & AAG?
Lysine
137
What is the amino acid of AGU & AGC?
Serine
138
What is the amino acid of AGG & AGA?
Arginine
139
What is the amino acid of AUU, AUC & AUA?
Isoleucine
140
What is the amino acid of AUG?
Methionine
141
What is the amino acid of GUU, GUC, GUA, & GUG?
Valine
142
What is the amino acid of GCU, GCC, GCA, & GCG?
Alanine
143
What is the amino acid of GGU, GGC, GGA, & GGG?
Glycine
144
What is the amino acid of GAU & GAC?
Asparagine
145
What is the amino acid of GAA & GAG?
Glutamic Acid
