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nucleic acids Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two main types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

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2
Q

True or False: DNA is single-stranded.

A

False

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The building blocks of nucleic acids are called __________.

A

nucleotides

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4
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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5
Q

Which nucleic acid is primarily responsible for protein synthesis?

A

RNA

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6
Q

True or False: RNA contains the sugar ribose.

A

True

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7
Q

What are the four bases found in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine

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8
Q

Which base pairs with Adenine in DNA?

A

Thymine

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9
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is not a type of RNA? A) mRNA B) tRNA C) rRNA D) dRNA

A

D) dRNA

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10
Q

What is the primary function of mRNA?

A

To carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of copying DNA to RNA is called __________.

A

transcription

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12
Q

What type of bond connects nucleotides in a nucleic acid strand?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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13
Q

True or False: Uracil replaces Thymine in RNA.

A

True

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14
Q

What is the shape of DNA known as?

A

Double helix

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15
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from a DNA template?

A

RNA polymerase

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16
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a component of a nucleotide? A) Amino acid B) Fatty acid C) Sugar D) Protein

A

C) Sugar

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17
Q

What is the role of tRNA in protein synthesis?

A

To transport amino acids to the ribosome

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the __________ of an organism.

A

genetic code

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19
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of sugar?

A

DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose

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20
Q

True or False: The genetic information is stored in the sequence of nucleotide bases.

A

True

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21
Q

What is a codon?

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A

A sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid

22
Q

Multiple Choice: Which nucleic acid is usually found in the nucleus? A) mRNA B) tRNA C) DNA D) rRNA

23
Q

What process involves the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain?

24
Q

Fill in the blank: The three main types of RNA are mRNA, tRNA, and __________.

25
What is the role of rRNA?
To form the core of the ribosome's structure and catalyze protein synthesis
26
True or False: Nucleic acids are only found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
False
27
What is the definition of a gene?
A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein
28
What are the two strands of DNA held together by?
Hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases
29
What are the subunits that make up DNA?
NUCLEOTIDES ## Footnote Nucleotides consist of a phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base.
30
List the four nitrogen bases found in DNA.
* Adenine * Guanine * Cytosine * Thymine ## Footnote These bases are essential for the structure and function of DNA.
31
According to the Base Pairing Rule, which base pairs with Adenine?
Thymine ## Footnote The pairing is often remembered with the phrase 'A-T (apples in trees)'.
32
According to the Base Pairing Rule, which base pairs with Cytosine?
Guanine ## Footnote The pairing is often remembered with the phrase 'C-G (cars in garages)'.
33
What type of bonds hold the nitrogenous bases together in DNA?
Hydrogen bonds ## Footnote Hydrogen bonds are considered 'weak bonds' which facilitate DNA replication.
34
What type of bonds form the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA?
Covalent bonds ## Footnote Covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons.
35
What is the role of helicase in DNA replication?
Unzips the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds ## Footnote This process creates a replication fork.
36
What is the function of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?
Adds new nucleotides to the leading and lagging strands ## Footnote DNA polymerase also plays a role in proofreading the DNA.
37
What are Okazaki Fragments?
Segments of DNA added to the lagging strand ## Footnote These fragments are later connected by ligase.
38
What enzyme connects Okazaki Fragments during DNA replication?
Ligase ## Footnote Ligase also performs spell-checking of the DNA.
39
Fill in the blank: The backbone of DNA consists of _______ and phosphate.
deoxyribose sugar ## Footnote The sugar-phosphate backbone provides structural integrity to DNA.
40
True or False: The sugar-phosphate backbone is held together by weak hydrogen bonds.
False ## Footnote The sugar-phosphate backbone is held together by strong covalent bonds.
41
What is the first step in the DNA replication process?
Topoisomerase unwinds the helix ## Footnote This step is crucial for allowing helicase to function properly.
42
What is the orientation of DNA strands?
Antiparallel ## Footnote One strand runs 5'-3' and the other runs 3'-5'.
43
What are the two main steps in protein synthesis?
Transcription and Translation ## Footnote These processes describe how DNA is used to make proteins which code for our traits.
44
Where does transcription occur?
In the Nucleus ## Footnote This is where mRNA is created from a gene in the DNA.
45
What is produced during transcription?
mRNA (messenger RNA) ## Footnote mRNA is synthesized from a gene in the DNA.
46
What is the process of converting DNA to mRNA?
DNA → mRNA ## Footnote This involves base pairing where A pairs with U, T pairs with A, and C pairs with G.
47
Fill in the blank: In transcription, A pairs with _____ and T pairs with _____
U; A ## Footnote This is part of the base pairing rules in RNA synthesis.
48
What is the sequence of events in protein synthesis?
DNA → RNA → Protein → Trait ## Footnote This sequence illustrates how genetic information is expressed.
49
What is the role of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
Translation ## Footnote Ribosomes are the site where translation occurs, converting mRNA into polypeptides.
50
What is the relationship between DNA and traits?
DNA codes for proteins which determine traits ## Footnote This highlights the function of genes in expressing physical characteristics.
51
What is the final product of translation?
Polypeptide ## Footnote Polypeptides are chains of amino acids that fold into functional proteins.

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