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Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

biopolymers made up of nucleotides linked by phosphodiester linkages

A

Nucleic Acids

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2
Q

What are the two forms of Nucleic Acids?

A
  1. DNA (2-deoxyribonucleic acid)
  2. RNA (ribonucleic acid)
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3
Q

What are the characteristics of Nitrogenous Bases?

A
  • Flat
  • Basic
  • Aromatic Rings
  • Conjugated Double Bonds
  • Capable of H-Bonding
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3
Q

Free Base + Deoxyribose + Phosphate
Free Base + Deoxyribose + Phosphate

A

Nucleotide

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4
Q

Free Base + Deoxyribose
Free Base + Ribose

A

Nucleoside

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5
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in DNA

Adenine (A)

A

deoxyadenosine

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6
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in DNA

Guanine (G)

A

deoxyguanosine

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7
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in DNA

Cytosine (C)

A

deoxycytidine

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8
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in DNA

Thymine (T)

A

deoxythymidine

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9
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in RNA

Adenine (A)

A

Adenosine

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10
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in RNA

Cytosine (C)

A

cytidine

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10
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in RNA

Guanine (G)

A

guanosine

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10
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleosides in RNA
Uracil (U)

A

Uridine

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11
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in DNA

Adenine (A)

A

deoxyadenylate

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12
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in DNA

Guanine (G)

A

deoxyguanylate

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13
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in DNA

Cytosine (C)

A

deoxycytidylate

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14
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in DNA

Thymine (T)

A

deoxythymidylate

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15
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in RNA

Adenine (A)

A

adenylate

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16
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in RNA

Guanine (G)

A

guanylate

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16
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in RNA

Cytosine (C)

A

cytidylate

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17
Q

ENUMERATION:

What are the regulatory molecules?

A
  • Adenosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP; cAMP)
  • Guanosine 3’,5’-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP; cGMP)
  • Guanosine 5’-diphosphate,3’-diphosphate (guanosine tetraposphate) (ppGpp)
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17
Q

What are the main features of DNA Primary Structure?

A
  • Alternating sugar-phosphate groups from the backbone
  • Bases (A,G,C,T) attached to sugars
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17
Q

GUESS THE NAME: Nucleotides in RNA

Uracil (U)

A

uridylate

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18
Q

Bases are attached to the __________

A

1st carbon

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19
In sugar-phosphate backbone, the **phosphate group** joins the ________?
3rd carbon of one to the 5th of another
20
In DNA Sequence, the bases are written in the order from ______ to _______ - end
5' to 3'-end
20
In secondary structure, DNA is composed of 2 strands held together by ________ ________ between bases.
Hydrogen Bonding
21
What are the **characteristics** of the Double Stranded DNA?
* Antiparallel * Complementary * Double Helical Structure
22
**Highly folded arrangements** of DNA and proteins
Chromosome
23
each chromosome consists of two thin, rod-like structures of DNA
sister chromatids
24
a constricted region of the chromosome consisting of intertwined DNA and proteins that join the two sister chromatids together
centromere
25
consists of fibers containing proteins and DNA in approximately equal proportions **(by mass),** along with a small amount of RNA
chromatin
26
proteins in which the DNA in the chromatin is very tightly associated
Histones
27
process by which DNA molecules produce identical copies of themselves
DNA Replication
28
What are the **characteristics** of DNA Replication?
* Semiconservative * Bidirectional * Semidiscontinuous
29
**DNA Replication: Guess the Protein** Opens duplex at specific sites in origin
DnaA Protein
30
**DNA Replication: Guess the Protein** Stimulates initiation
**HU** (Histonelike protein)
31
**DNA Replication: Guess the Protein** Unwinds double helix
**Helicase** (DnaB protein)
31
**DNA Replication: Guess the Protein** Required for **helicase binding**
DnaC Protein
32
**DNA Replication: Guess the Protein** **Binds** to single strand DNA
**SSB** (single-strand DNAbinding protein)
33
**DNA Replication: Guess the Protein** **Catalyzes synthesis** of RNA primers
Primase
34
**DNA Replication: Guess the Protein** **Catalyzes** chain elongation
DNA Polymerase III
35
**DNA Replication: Guess the Protein** Excision of primers and filling of gaps
DNA Polymerase I
36
**DNA Replication: Guess the Protein** Catalyzes **phosphodiester bond formation** between a 3’ hydroxyl end of one strand and 5’ phosphate end of another
DNA Ligase
37
all DNA in an organism’s cell
Genome
38
The study of genomes
Genomics
38
a worldwide effort to identify all human genes on each chromosome, their locations and functions
Human Genome Project
38
seals nicks
DNA Ligase
39
**ENUMERATION:** What are the steps in DNA Replication?
1. Separation of the 2 DNA strands 2. Formation of Replication Fork 3. Binding of RNA Primer 4. Chain Elongation 5. Excision of RNA Primer & replacement by DNA
40
relieves **torsional strain** from DNA unwinding
DNA Topoisomerase/DNA gyrase
41
provides free 3’ OH group to which deoxynucleotides are added
RNA primer
42
-catalyzes synthesis of RNA primers
Primase
43
What are the **requirements** in DNA Replication?
* Template * Primer * Precursors * Proteins/Enzymes
43
Why is there a need for primer?
* DNA Polymerase can only extend a DNA strand * It cannot start making new strand
44
provides free 3’-OH to which dNTPs are added
Primer
45
provides sequence information
Template
46
deoxynucleoside triphosphates dNTPs
Precursors
47
**IDENTIFICATION: Characteristics of DNA Replication** Occurs in 2 opposite directions about the origin of replication
Bidirectional
48
**IDENTIFICATION: Characteristics of DNA Replication** Each daughter duplex contains one strand from the parent duplex
Semiconservative
49
**IDENTIFICATION: Characteristics of DNA Replication** new strand of DNA always synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction
semidiscontinuous

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