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CHEM 1 > NUCLEIC ACIDS > Flashcards

NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of nucleic acids?

A
  • control hereditary information
  • synthesis of proteins of a specific organism
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2
Q

What is the monomer unit of a nucleic acid and what is it made of?

A

Nucleotide; heterocyclic base, a sugar group, and a phosphate group

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3
Q

What does DNA and RNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid and Ribonucleic acid

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4
Q

What are the two types of heterocyclic bases? Which is bigger?

A

Purine and Pyrimidine; Purine

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5
Q

List the purine bases

A

Adenine and Guanine

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6
Q

List the pyrimidine bases

A

Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

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7
Q

What is the main difference between ribose and deoxyribose?

A

Deoxyribose has one less alcohol group to one carbon

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8
Q

Nucleoside

A

base and sugar, no phosphate group

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9
Q

What is the bond that stabilizes nucleic acids?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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10
Q

Illustrate the primary structure of DNA and RNA

A

The nucleic acids are polyester molecules derived from the polyester chain of phosphoric acid and sugar units with attached purine/pyrimidine bases.

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11
Q

The secondary structure of DNA

A

double helix where 2 nucleic acids are held together by H-bonds between base pairs on opposite strands (such that adenine always pairs with thymine and guanine with cytosine).

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12
Q

Which among DNA and RNA is single-stranded and double-stranded?

A

RNA - single; DNA - double

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13
Q

When is the golden anniversary of DNA?

A

2003

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14
Q

During March 1953, these two people unveiled their model of the double helix.

A

James D. Watson and Francis H. Crick

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15
Q

During April 25, 1953, the two authors released the article under what journal?

A

“Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids” under “Nature”

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16
Q

They won the ___________ Nobel Prize along with who?

A

1962 NP; Maurice Wilkins

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17
Q

Who was actually responsible for the model?

A

Rosalind Franklin with her x-ray patterns of DNA; her boss was Wilkins and Watson and Crick never did experiments

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18
Q

What are the main processes that DNA has to go through?

A

Replication, Transcription, Translation

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19
Q

What process does DNA has to go through in order to make messenger RNA?

A

Transcription

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20
Q

What process does DNA has to go through in order to make protein?

A

Transcription first (to make mRNA) then translation

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21
Q

How does DNA replication occur?

A

Old strand merge with new strands via the addition of nucleotide

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22
Q

Which contains the code for photo synthesis?

A

Gene

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23
Q

What is the function of the non-coding regions of DNA?

A

regulating the expression of the protein

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24
Q

Where is the site of protein synthesis?

Study These Flashcards
A

In the ribosomes

25
part that contains the code for 1 polypeptide (protein) and codes for the amino acids and their sequence in polypeptide.
Gene
26
complete set of genes in an organism; sequence of the nucleotides in the DNA's chromosome including the non-coding regions.
Genome
27
Rank in order of increasing gene sizes
Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Mammals, Plants; Humans possess 6,000,000,000 and 3B base pairs
28
What are the 4 tools for decoding genomes
1. Restriction enzyme 2. Gel Electrophoresis 3. DNA Sequencing 4. Polymerase Chain Reaction
29
cuts DNA into smaller fragments
Restriction enzyme
30
Gel Electrophoresis
analysing whether 2 individuals are alike
31
Identifying the bases and their sequence
DNA Sequencing (Sanger Method)
32
amplifying/xeroxing DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
33
What are examples of sequenced genomes?
Study tools, Staple foods/plant pathogens, Human pathogens, Environmental microorganisms, Homo sapiens
34
What are some uses of genomic information?
- Health effects - Molecular Nuclear Medicine - Global Environmental Change - Bioremeditation
35
What are the three specific uses of genomic info?
1. Identification of organisms 2. Determination of lineage/parentage 3. Genetic disorders
36
What are changes in genes and what stage/process do they occur in?
mutations; replication
37
What do you need to accomplish for human identification?
Compare loci in the non-coding region of the DNA.
38
List samples for DNA fingerprinting.
Hair roots White Blood Cells (WBC) Bones Buccal epithelial cells (mouth swabs) Semen Tooth pulp and bone marrow Skin, muscle Amniotic fluid/chorionic villi
39
decide on the loci/segments of the DNA to be compared in the samples
DNA Population Database
40
How does the DNA Population Database work?
Using statistical sampling, it determines the frequency of each pattern at each selected locus in a population. If there is a match, it calculates the probability that any 2 samples randomly obtained will match. If it is low, the samples come from the same source.
41
What are some examples of variations in the same locus in chromosomes?
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (PFLR) Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR or STR/PCR)
42
Describe the statistics of DNA fingerprinting in terms of O.J. Simpson's trial
Blood samples were analyzed by 3 laboratories using RFLP and STR/PCR and there was 1:21 B probability that the blood was from a person other than a suspect. This led to his conviction for killing Nicole Simpson and Ronald Goldman in 1994, marking the earliest use of DNA fingerprinting.
43
Abnormalities in the structure of the chromosomes/changes in the base sequence in the genes
Genetic disorder
44
Two types of genetic disorder and how they differ from each other
1. Constitutional Abnormality 2. Acquired Abnormality
45
This constitutional abnormality is due to the additional chromosome in the 21st pair.
Down's syndrome or Trisomy-21
46
What are some examples of mutagens?
- UV radiation - Alkylating agents in preservatives (food) - Benzo(a)pyrene in Cigarette smoke
47
This enzyme breaks down the bond thymine dimers into individual thymine and the lack of this results in a disease called Xerodema pigmentosum.
Photolyase enzyme; Xerodema pigmentosum
48
Bifunctional alkylanity agents can cause _____________________
intrastrand linking and cross-linking
49
Cigarettes contain __________________ that intercalate DNA.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
50
There are 3 main types of point mutations. If no mutation has TTC in the DNA, AAG in the mRNA, and Lys in the protein, what is the silent point mutation?
TTT, AAA, Lys
51
If no mutation has TTC in the DNA, AAG in the mRNA, and Lys in the protein, what is the nonsense point mutation?
ATC, UAG, STOP
52
If no mutation has TTC in the DNA, AAG in the mRNA, and Lys in the protein, what is the missense point mutation? What are its 2 further subtypes?
Conservative missense: TCC, AGG, Arg Non-conservative missense: TGC, ACG, Thr
53
How does sickle cell anemia occur?
A normal hemoglobin dna has CTT - GAA - Glu; A mutant (sickle cell) hemoglobin has CAT - GUA - Val
54
What are some alterations in chromosome structure?
1. Deletion 2. Duplication 3. Inversion 4. Reciprocal translocation
55
expansion of nucleotide triplet repeat (CAG) in chromosome 4; comes with aging and involves a tiny sequence of DNA on chromosome 4 where several of the genetic code words (base pairs) in the DNA are redundantly repeated many, many times.
Dementia; Huntington's Disease
56
This disease is a result of the reciprocal translocation between normal chromosomes 9 and 22.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
57
One of the bands in the long arm is missing (cardiac defects and immune system deficiencies)
DiGeorge syndrome
58
Explain the translocation process of genes in the genome of morning glory.
The transposon (supported by transposase (enzyme)) is cut out and inserts elsewhere into the gene for flower color (originally white).

CHEM 1 (9 decks)

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