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Nucleic acids and DNA Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acid?

A
  • DNA and RNA

- Deoxyribonucleic acid and Ribonucleic acid

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2
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

-Carries genetic code and is capable of self replication allowing genetic info to be passed from generation to generation

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3
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

Assist the functioning of DNA

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4
Q

What are the sun-units of nucleic acids?

A

-Nucleotides

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5
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

A
  • A pentose sugar
  • A nitrogenous base
  • A phosphate group
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6
Q

What are two examples of pentode sugars?

A

-Deoxyribose and ribose

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7
Q

What are 5 examples of Nitrogenous bases?

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
  • Cytosine
  • Thymine (in DNA only)
  • Uracil (in RNA only)
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8
Q

What is the phosphate group attached to in Nucleotide?

A
  • Attached to the carbon-5 of the sugar
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9
Q

What reaction joins nucleotides together?

A

-Condensation reactions

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10
Q

What bond do nucleotides form when they join together?

A

-Phosphodiester bonds

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11
Q

Where are phosphodiester bonds formed?

A

-Between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the carbon 3 of the pentose of other nucleotide ( Along sugar phosphate back bone)

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12
Q

What free ends does the polynucleotide strand form?

A

-Free 5’end and free 3’end

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13
Q

What does a DNA molecule consist of?

A

Two anti-parallel strands

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14
Q

What bonds join opposite bases together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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15
Q

What is base pairing?

A
  • When two bases join together
  • A and T
  • C and G
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16
Q

What is the sugar-phosphate backbone held together by?

A

-Covalent bonds

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17
Q

Why does DNA form a double helix?

A

As nucleotides join at slightly different angles to each other

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18
Q

What is the function of hydrogen bonding between two strands?

A

Increases its stability

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19
Q

What 3 points describe the structure of DNA?

A
  • Very long
  • Double stranded
  • A and T, C and G
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20
Q

What 3 points describe the structure of RNA?

A
  • Relatively short
  • Single stranded
  • No base pairing
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21
Q

How many forms of RNA are there?

A

3

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Messenger RNA
  • Transfer RNA
  • Ribosomal RNA
23
Q

What is the double helix linked and held together by?

24
Q

How many hydrogens bond guanine and cytosine?

25
How many hydrogen bonds link thymine and adenine?
2
26
What do the types of RNA have crucial roles in?
Protein synthesis
27
What is the function of the messenger RNA?
-Carries the code for the DNA in the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs
28
Where does protein synthesis occur?
in a ribosome in the cytoplasm
29
What is the function of Transfer RNA?
- Carries the amino acids the the ribosome. | - It is a single chain folded into 🍀 shape
30
What is the function of Ribosomal RNA?
-Made in the nucleolus and forms over half the mass of each ribosome
31
How does DNA regulate the development of living organisms?
through the control of protein synthesis. e.g regulation of enzymes
32
What does the sequence of DNA bases determine?
-The amino acid sequence of polypeptides
33
What is a gene?
-A sequence of DNA that codes for a polypeptide
34
What is a base triplet?
Each sequence of 3 bases, it codes for 1 amino acid
35
What DNA strand functions as the genetic code?
-The coding (template) strand
36
How should DNA be copied from one generation to the next?
-Exactly
37
How is the copy of DNA from generation to generation achieved?
By self-replication
38
What is a semi-conservative mechanism?
In which each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new strand
39
What does each new DNA molecule contain?
One of the original strands in addition to a new strand
40
What are the 4 stages of DNA replication?
- Enzyme DNA Helicase breaks H2 bonds holding bases together and unzips part of the DNA double helix, revealing 2 strands - Enzyme, DNA polymerase moves along each strand, acts as a template for the synthesis of new strand - Polymerase catalysés the joining free deoxyribonucleotides to each of the exposed og strands so new complementary strands form - Process of unzipping and joining continues along whole length of DNA
41
Who devised the evidence for semi-conservative replication?
-Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl 1958
42
What did Meselson and Stahl do to find that DNA replicates semi-conservatively?
-Grew bacteria in a medium in which nitrogen was supplied in the form of heavy, non-radioactive isotope 15N, the DNA became very heavy
43
Explain the results of 0, 1st and 2nd generation of The experiment…
- All heavy =0generation - All intermediate (hybrid) =1st - 50% hybrid, 50% light =2nd
44
What is DNA replication?
The process that replicates the DNA molecule
45
What takes place after DNA replication takes place?
-The chromosomes duplicate the processes of mitosis and meiosis
46
What is semi-conservative replication?
-Means each of the new DNA molecules contains one original (template) strand and one new DNA strand
47
What are purine bases?
Adenine and guanine
48
What are pyrimidine bases?
Cytosine, thymine and Uracil
49
What does anti parallel mean?
- 2 strands are running in opposite directions
50
What does Enzyme DNA helicase do?
-un zips the two strands of DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between bases
51
What does the breaking of hydrogen bonds between bases allow?
Allows each of the original strands to become a template for the formation of two DNA molecules
52
What is the function of Enzyme DNA polymerase?
-Joins the nucleotides of each strand together
53
What is density-gradient configuration used for?
-To separate the bacterial DNA following sampling. | DNA containing Lighter accumulated at top and heavy formed zone near bottom

Biology (6 decks)

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