Nucleic acids, genomics, and DNA technology Flashcards
(18 cards)
Adenosine derivatives are used as
Metabolic cofactors, such as NAD, attached to something else via the phosphate.
DNA diameter
10.85 Angstroms
DNA diameter (angstroms), base pairs per turn
20 Angstroms, 10/turn - 34 Angstroms.
Major DNA form
forces that stabilise
B form
Magnesium stabilises phosphates in close proximity - neutralises out.
Hydrophobic forces keep the hydrophobic nitrogenous bases towards the center
Bases stacking of aromatic group planar.
Major/minor groove for protein interaction.
Guanine quadraplexes
Four guanine in a plane with a central cation, various formations - biological roles.
Inhibit gene transcription, form telomeres, modulation of activity.
Denaturation
High heating, easily reversible if cooled slowly. Stabilised by GC content contribution to base stacking.
Absorbance at 260 nm, double stranded DNA absorbs ____ than single stranded. Curve is _______.
Less; sigmoidal.
DNA origami
Controlled heating and cooling of DNA with oligonucleotides to make it form very specific structures, patterns, and 3D shapes.
RNA differences
2’ hydroxyl sugar that can be cleaved when basic, contains uracil, can adopt a tertiary structure as a single strand.
Sense vs antisense strand
coding strand vs template strand
The genetic code is (5)
Degenerate, universal, unambiguous, non-overlapping, “comma-less”
Condensation of the nucleosome
Basic histone proteins (+) associate with backbone (-), can be modified to affect gene expression
VNTRs
variable numbers in tandem repeats, arrays. important in forensics.
Splice site mutations
retention of the intro
Trinucleotide repeats
So long that there is a destabilisation of the DNA - such as Huntington’s, fragile X.
Molecular medicine
Manipulation/reformation, amplification, analysis, probe hybridisation.
DNA probes - oligonucleotides
DNA binds OGN, sensitive to mutations, binding releases fluorescent signal
Microarrays
Multiple oligonucleotides used, arrayed at location to detect presence of complementary DNA - fluoresce. Normal - green, cancer - red, yellow - ratio. Relative expression in cells.
