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Molecular Medicine > Nucleotide Synthesis And Metabolism > Flashcards

Nucleotide Synthesis And Metabolism Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What are the components of a nucleotide

A

Phosphate group
Nitrogenous Base
Ribose or pentose

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2
Q

What are the components of a nucleoside

A

Nitrogenous Base

Ribose / Pentose sugar

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3
Q

What are the different Purines

A

Adenine, Guanine

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4
Q

What are the different Pyrimidines

A

Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine

CUT

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5
Q

Which nitrogen base has 2 ring structures

A

Adenine
Guanine
(Purine)

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6
Q

Which nitrogenous base has 1 ring structure

A

Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil

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7
Q

True or false, thymine is found in RNA

A

False, it is found in DNA

Uracil is found in RNA

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8
Q

What suffix is added to nucleoside s when they become nucleotide

A

-ylate

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9
Q

What is Chargraffs rule

A 
A%= T%
G%= C%

I.e purines = pyrimidines

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10
Q

In complementary base pairing, which pair has
I) double bonds
II) triple bonds

A

A-T

G-C

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11
Q

True or False, DNA structures are parallel

A

False, they are anti parallel

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12
Q

What are the two Anti- tumor drugs involved in disrupting the DNA structure, used mainly for patients with Leukemia

A

Daunorubicin

Doxorubicin

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13
Q

How does Daunorubicin and Doxorubicin disrupts the DNA structure

A

Intercalates between the bases of DNA, preventing proper replication of DNA

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14
Q

What drug is used in treating bladder and lung tumors

A

Cisplatin

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15
Q

How does Cisplatin disrupt DNA replication

A

Distorts and Malfunction of DNA

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16
Q

What are histones predominantly made from

A

Arginine and lysine

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17
Q

What are the components of chromatin

A

DNA, Histone

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18
Q

What are the two types of pathways for nucleotide Synthesis

A

De novo

Salvage Pathway

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19
Q

What are the metabolic precursors in de novo Synthesis

A

Amino Acids
Ribose 5- phosphate
CO2
NH3

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20
Q

What is the pyrimidine ring synthesized as

A

Orotate

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21
Q

In which pathway do the free bases act as intemediates

A

Salvage Pathway

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22
Q

What are the shared precursors in the de novo pathway of pyrimidine and purine

Study These Flashcards
A

PRPP (phospho-robosyl-pyrophosphate)

23
Q

What are the sources of amino groups

Study These Flashcards
A

Glutamine

Aspartate

24
Q

Describe the steps involve in the De novo synthesis of Purines
(Please include enzymes and what inhibits each step)

Study These Flashcards
A

(Insert picture)

25
What enzymes are involved in the salvage pathway of purine bases
1. Adenine phosphoribosyltransferse | 2. Hypoxanthine- Guaninephosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)
26
Which pathway uses less energy
Salvage pathway
27
True or False, Salvage Pathway of Purine Bases are irreversible
True
28
Describe the steps involved in the salvage pathway of purines (Please include enzyme used)
(Insert Picture here)
29
Describe the steps involved in the degradation of Purines
(Insert Picture here )
30
What enzyme deficiency is present in SCID
Adenosine Deaminase
31
What 2 molecules can adenosine be converted to when ADA isn’t present
dATP and ribonucleotide
32
How does ADA deficiency cause SCID
(Insert picture here)
33
What two methods can be used to cure SCID
1. Bone Marrow Replacement Therapy (human leukocyte antigen HLA) 2, Enzyme Replacment Therapy Synthetic ADA administered in complex with PEG (polyethylene glycol) ADA-PEG
34
Hyperurciemia and Gout May accompany which conditions
(Insert Picture Here)
35
What drug is used to inhibit xanthine oxidase for the treatment of Gout
Allopurinol
36
What does xanthine oxidase convert allopurinol into
Oxypurinol (alloxanthine)
37
What two drugs are used in the treatment of acute attacks of gout
Colchicine, Indomethacin
38
What drug is used for chronic hyperuricemia caused by underexcretion of Uric acid
Probenecid
39
Lesch- Nyhan Syndrome is due to a near complete deficiency of what enzyme
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)
40
What are the symptoms of Lesch Nyhan Syndrome
Mental Retardation Compulsive destructive behavior (biting of hands and lips) Involuntary movements Heritable cause of hyperuricemia Death often in first decade (renal failure)
41
What is used in the treatment of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
Allopurinol
42
In pyrimidine de novo synthesis, ________ acts as an C and N donor ________ acts as a N donor ________ acts as a carbon donor
Aspartate Glutamine CO2
43
What are the symptoms of Hereditary Orotic Aciduria
Severe Anemia Growth retardation High Levels of Orotic Acid Excretion
44
What is the major regulatory step in making Orotate in pyrimidine biosynthesis
Carbomyl Phosphate Synthase II
45
How does ingesting Uridine treat Hereditary Orotic Aciduria
1. Uridine is broken down into UMP by the enzyme uridine phosphorylase in the salvage pathway 2. UMP is converted into UDP and UTP 3. UTP inhibits the enzyme carbomyl phosphate synthase II through a negative feedback mechanism 4. This enzyme is a major regulatory step in the production of orotate thereby decreasing Orotic Acid levels
46
What is the biochemical basis of Hereditary Orotic Aciduria
Defect in one or both activities of 1. Orotate phosphoribosyl transferase 2. Oritidine Decarboxylase 3. Separate catalytic domain of the enzyme UMP synthase
47
What is the chemical reaction for the salvage pathway of pyrimidine bases (Please include enzyme )
(Insert Picture here )
48
What enzyme is used in the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides
Ribonucleotide reductase
49
Describe the steps involved in the formation of dTMP
It involves the the methylation of D-uridylate The methyl group is from the compound N- Methylenetetrahydrofolate With the use of the enzyme thymidylate synthase that catalyses the reaction Tetrahydrofolate must be federated in order for this reaction to occur
50
Describe the steps involved in the regeneration of tetrahydrofolate (include enzyme)
Synthesis of dihydrofolate from the formation of dTMP | Dihyrofolate + NADPH(reducing agent) + dihyrdofolate reductase (enzyme)
51
Describe the steps involved in the degradation of TMP
(Inserts Picture here)
52
Describe the steps involved in the degradation of CMP
(Insert Picture here)
53
What compound which is excreted in urine is produced at increased levels during chemo and radiation for cancer patients
B - aminoisobutyric acid

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