Nucleotides

Question 1

Formed of

Answer 1

Nucleoside+phosphate
N base+ pentose+ phosphate
(Pyrimidine/purine)
(D ribose/ deoxy ribose)

Question 2

Major pyrimidine

Answer 2

Cytosine(2 oxy 4 amino pyrimidine)
DNA +RNA
Uracil(2,4 dioxy pyrimidine)
RNA
Thymine (5methyl uracil)
DNA + minor in tRNa

Question 3

Mino pyrimidine

Answer 3

Dihydrouracil(tRNA)
5methyl cytosine(human and bacterial DNA regulation)
5hydroxylmethyl cytosine(viral DNA)

Question 4

Purine ring structure

Answer 4

Pyrimidine+ imizadole ring

Question 5

Major purines

Answer 5

Adenine(6 aminopurine)
Guanine(2 amino 6 oxypurine)
DNA &RNA

Question 6

Minor purines(human RNA)

Answer 6

7 methyl guanine
N6 methyladenine
N6N6 methyl adenine
mRna as minor base

Question 7

Oxypurines

Answer 7

Hypoxanthine>6 oxypurine(catabolism of adenine) (mino tRNA components)
Xanthine>2,6dioxy purine(catabolism of guanine)
Uric acid>2,6,8 trioxy purine(final product)
Present in free form or in nucleotide
Rarely in nucleic acid

Question 8

Transformation enzyme

Answer 8

Xanthine oxidase enzyme

Question 9

Gout

Answer 9

Normally 3-7 mg/dl
Hyperuricemia
Medicine is allopurinol that inhibits xanthine oxidase enzyme

Question 10

Methylated purines of dietary origin
Diuretics

Answer 10

Caffeine (coffee)(1,3,7 trimethyl xanthine)
Theophylline(tea)(1,3 dimethyl xanthine)
Theobromine (cocoa) (3,7 dimethyl xanthine)
CNS stimulators
Smooth muscle relaxants

Question 11

Why methylated purines are contraindicated with gout

Answer 11

As their catabolism does not produce uric acid which is a major characteristic in gout patients

Question 12

Pentoses

Answer 12

DNA (deoxyribose)
RNA(ribose)
Furanose ring in beta form

Question 13

Naming of nucleosides
Naming of nucleotides

Answer 13

Adenine>adenosine>adenosine monophosphate

Question 14

The linkage

Answer 14

N-base + sugar> N glycosidic bond
Sugar+ phosphate> ester bond

Question 15

Sugar with base with c? With n?

Answer 15

C1’
N1 pyrimidine
N9 purine

Question 16

Sugar with phosphate

Answer 16

C5’
Alcohol+ acid (phosphatidic acid)

Question 17

Naming table
Adenine
Guanine
Xanthine
Hypoxanthine
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

Answer 17

Adenosine>adenosine monophosphate
Guanosine>guanosine monophosphate
Xanthosine>xanthosine monophosphate
Inosine>inosine monophosphate
Cytidine>cytidine monophosphate
Uradine>uradine monophosphate
Thymidine>thymidine monophosphate
Or acid

Question 18

List the nucleotides containing adenosine

Answer 18

AMP
ADP
ATP
cAMP>cyclic 3’ 5’ adenosine monophosphate
PAPS> 3’phosphoadenosine-5’ phosphosulfate

Question 19

Nucleosides with adenosine

Answer 19

SAM
S-adenosyl methionine

Question 20

The nucleotide with adenine that is a second hormone messenger
Formed by…

Answer 20

cAMP
Adenyl cyclase action on ATP

Question 21

Methyl donor
Sulfur donor

Answer 21

SAM >ATP (adenosine)+ methionine
PAPS

Question 22

Knowing the pyrimidines

Answer 22

=O&raquo_space;>
Uracil
CH3, thymine
No double bonds, dihydrouracil

No O on top»
Cytosine
CH3, 5methyl cytosine
OH, 5hydroxymethyl cytosine

Question 23

Adenine nucleotides

Answer 23

AMP/ADP/ATP/cAMP
ATP(adenosine donor)>cAMp/SAM(methyl donor)/PAPs(sulfur donor)

Question 24

Co enzymes with adenine

Answer 24

Hydrogen carriers> NAD/NADP(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
FMN/FAD(flavin adenine dinucleotide)

Acyl carrier>coenzyme A, carries acyl group on thiol group

Question 25

Coenzyme without adenine

Answer 25

FMN flavin mononucletide

Question 26

Riboflavin is

Answer 26

Vitamin B2

Question 27

Guanine nucleotides

Answer 27

GMP/GDP/GTP GTP>cGMP by guanylyl cyclase enzyme

Question 28

cGMP

Answer 28

3nd hormone messenger May be antagonistic to cAMP Vasodilation by activating guanylyl cyclase Used for sildenafil(vigera) for men

Question 29

Cytosine nucleotides

Answer 29

Cytidine phosphate carries Ethanolamine/choline/diacylglycerol Used for phospholipid synthesis

Question 30

Uracil nucleotides

Answer 30

UDP carries Glucose(glycogen/glycoproteins) Galactose(lactose) Glucuronic acid(GAGs/steroids/bile pigmentation/drugs/ increased solubility/help in excretion)