Nucleptodes, Nucleic Acid and Heredity Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
1867
A
Gregor Mendel
2
Q
1869
A
Johann Freidrich Meischer
3
Q
1903
A
WS Sutton
4
Q
Inhertance of traits in peas
A
Gregor mendel
5
Q
Discovered DNA
A
Johann Freidrich
6
Q
Proposed the “Chromosome Theory”
A
WS Sutton
7
Q
1928
A
Frederick Griffith
8
Q
1944
A
Oswald Avery, Collin Mcleod, and Maclyn McCarthy
9
Q
1952
A
Hershey and Chase
10
Q
noted transformation in bacteria
A
Frederick griffith
11
Q
Degrading enzymes to determine genetic material
A
Oswald Avery, Collin Mcleod, and Maclyn McCarthy
12
Q
Discovered the genetic material of bacteriophage are transferred to bacteria
A
Hershey and Chase
13
Q
Virulent Bacteria
A
Mouse Dies
14
Q
Avirulent bacteria
A
mouse survives
15
Q
Heat-killed virulent bacteria
A
Mouse survives
16
Q
Avirulent + heat-killed bacterial
A
Mouse dies and produces Virulent Bacteria
17
Q
Protease
A
No effect
18
Q
Ribonuclease
A
No effect
19
Q
Deoxyribonucleases
A
bacteria got Inactivated
20
Q
What did Alfred HErshey and MArtha chased proved in DNA?
A
Genetic Material of T2 Bacteriophage
21
Q
Nonradioactive coat and Radioactive DNA
A
32p experiment
22
Q
Radioactive coat and Nonradioactive DNA
A
35s Experiment
23
Q
Result is radioactive
A
32p experiment
24
Q
Result is not radioactive
A
35s experiment
25
polymer of nucleotides
Nucleic acids
26
What is nucleotides comose of?
Phosphate group
ribose sugar group
Nitrogenous bases
27
Another name for Deoxyguanosine
Deoxyribonucleoside
28
Nucleic acids bases
Pyrimidine and Puriine
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monocyclic
Pyrimidine
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Bicyclic
Purine
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Has bases of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine
DNA
32
Has bases of Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil
RNA
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double stranded
DNAs
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Single stranded and sometimes double stranded (for some viruses)
RNA
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What are the bases of nucleic acids in purine bases?
Adenine and Guanine
36
What are the bases of nucleic acids in pyrimidine bases?
Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
37
What are properties of Nucleotide bases
Aromatic
Strongly Absorbs UV light
Exhibits Keto-enol tautomerism
38
Has no hydroxyl group bonded 2'
Deoxyribose
39
Has a hydroxyl group bonded to 2' cyclic chaine
Ribose
40
It is a bond between sugar, beta anomer, the bond the connects the base and the sugar
Beta-GLYCOSIDIC BOND
41
examples that exhibit Beta-glycosidic bond
Cytidine and Deoxyguanosine
42
Has no phosphate group, but replaced with a hydroxyl group
Nucleoside
43
link nucleotides to form nucleotides
Phosphodiester bonds
44
what are the bond between ribose and each base
Beta-Glycosidic bonds
45
What is the direction of the polynucleotide strand?
5' to 3'
46
Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotide residues in nucleic acid.
3'5'
47
The sequence of bases along the pentosd- phosphodiester backbone of the nucleic acid.
Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
48
how is base sequence is read in primary structed of nucleic acids?
5' end to 3' end
49
A,G,C,U and T
System of notation of single letter
50
what is nucleotide sequence of ACGTAD?
5' ACGTAD 3'
51
Enumerate the secondary structures of nucleic acids?
Duplexes
Single Stranded regions
Hairpins
Bulges
Internal loops
Junctions
52
1952
Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens
53
Pictured X-ray pictures of DNA
Rosalind Frankling and Maurice Wilkens
54
How did rosalind franklin get the iamge of the DNA?
X-ray diffraction
55
What pattern of type dna was founded by rosalidn franklin and maurice wilkens?
B form of DNA
56
1953
James watson and Francis Crick
57
Proposed the model of the double helix of DNA in 1953
James Watson and Francis Crick
58
Made the Chargaff rules
Erwn Chargaff
59
is when you quantify the bases 1:1 ratio the implication here if you have equal amounts, evidence of complementary bases.
Chargaff rules
60
What type of structure is B-DNA
SecondaryStructure
61
Physiological form
B-DNA
62
What is DNA secondary structure made up of?
Two, antiparallel polynucleotide strands
63
What is formed in a DNA Secondary Structure when they are coildeD?
Right-handed helix
64
this is nefgatively charged and is outside of the helix
Sugar-phosphate backbone
65
are approximately perpendiculat to the axis of the helix.
Bases
66
How does bases look like in a double stranded dna in secodnary structure
Stacked one top another like a pile of plates
67
What are complementary base pairs?
A-T
G-C
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2 H-bonds
A-T
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3 H-Bonds
G-C
70
What are three major forces that contribute to stability of helix formation?
- H-bonding in base pairing
- Hydrophobic interactions in base stacking
- Dipole-dipole interactions
71
What are the spaces between adjacen turns of helix form what 2 grooves?
Major groove and minor groove
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Wider groove
Major groove
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Narrow groove
Minor groove
74
What is the diameter of the DNa in a secodnary structure?
2nm
75
What is the distance between two bp in a secondary structure?
0.34 nm
76
How many base pair is involve in in each turn of the helix?
10 base pairs
77
How long is the 10 baases pair of each turn of helix?
3.4 nm
78
Most common form secondary structure of DNA?
B-DNA
79
DNA molecules at low
humidity
A-DNA
80
right-handed helix, but
thicker than B-DNA
A-DNA
81
11bp per turn of the helix
A-DNA
82
has not been found in vivo
A-DNA
83
a left-handed double helix
Z-DNA
84
Usually occurs in alternating purine-pyrimidine bases
Z-DNA
85
may play a role in gene
expression
Z-DNA
86
What are the 3 forms of DNA?
A form
B form
Z form
87
What form?
Helical sense: Right handed
A and B
88
What form?
Helical sense: Left handed
Z
89
What form?
Diameter: 26 A
A
90
What form?
Diameter: 20 A
B
91
What form?
Diameter: 18 A
Z
92
What form
Base pairs per helical turn: 11
A
93
What form
Base pairs per helical turn: 10.5
B
94
What form
Base pairs per helical turn: 12
Z
95
What form?
Helix rise per base pair: 2.6 A
A
96
What form?
Helix rise per base pair: 3.4 A
B
97
What form?
Helix rise per base pair: 3.7 A
z
98
What form?
Base tilt normal to the helix axis: 20*
A
99
What form?
Base tilt normal to the helix axis: 6*
B
100
What form?
Base tilt normal to the helix axis: 7*
Z
101
What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-3' endo
A
102
What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-2' endo
B
103
What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-2' endo for pyrimidines
Z
104
What form?
Sugar pucker conformation: C-3' endo for purines
Z
105
What form?
Glycosyl bond conformation: Anti
A and B
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Glycosyl bond conformation: Anti for pyrimidines
Z
107
Glycosyl bond conformation: syn for purines
Z
108
Supercoiling
Tertiary Structure
109
Prokayortic DNA is Circular while eukaryotic DNA is linear
Tertiary Structure
110
further coiling and twisting of DNA
helix.
Supercoiling
111
capable of cutting and rejoining the
DNA ends to produce supercoils
Topoisomerase
112
Two types of super coils
Negative and positive
113
Tertiary structure of prokaryotic DNA
Circular
114
Tertiary structure of eukaryotic DNA
Linear
115
How long is eukaryotic DNA?
2 meters
116
what happens to the linear and long eukaryotic dna in a nucleus?
Packed in a tight strucutre
117
is formed by DNA coiling to a histone
octamer and locked by H1 histone protein
Nucleosome
118
a protein rich in the basic aa Lys and Arg; found associated with eukaryotic DNA
Histone
119
is formed when nucleosomes forms a helical coil
Solenoid
120
how does solenoid form loops by attaching some portions to a?
Protein scaffolding
121
what does protein scaffolding forms?
Chromatin
122
which are the different bands of a chromosome called locus/loci.
Chromatin
123
what accomodates topological changes which is indicued by supercoiling that is a component of chromatin
Histone-protein
124
what heppens when DNA duplex is subjected conditions of pH, temperature or ionic strength that disrupt H- bonds; the strands are r eadily separated.
denaturation of DNA.
125
is a measure of the base composition of DNA.
Melting temperature
126
Tm ________ linearly with the proportion of G-C bps in the DNA.
Increases
127
What happens when a denaturation of Dna happens what is the measurment of absorbance increases to what?
260 nm
128
Double helix unwinds
Denatured
129
Re-formed with slow cooling and annealling
Renaturation
130
Transports amino acids to site of protein synthesis
Transfer RNA
131
Combines with proteins to form ribsomes, the sith of protein synthesis
Ribosome RNA
132
Directs amino acid to sequence of proteins
Messenger RNA
133
Process initial mRNA to its mature form in eukaryotes
Small nuclear RNA
134
Affects gene expression; used by scienctist to knockout a gene being studied
Small interfering RNA
135
Affects gene expression; the important in growth and development
Micro RNA
136
the smallest kind of the three RNAs
tRNA
137
a single-stranded polynucleotide chain between 73-94 nucleotide residues
tRNA
138
carries an amino acid
at its 3’end
tRNA
139
intramolecular hydrogen
bonding occurs in tRNA
tRNA
140
Ribosome consist of how many percentage of rRNA?
60 to 65%
141
Ribosome consist of how many percentage of proteins?
35 to 40%
142
how many subunits is ribosme
two
143
how is rRNA analyzed?
Analytical centrifugation
144
How is rRNA characterized?
Sedimentation coefficients
145
S
Swedberg units
146
70s
Prokaryotic
147
80S
Eukaryotic
148
ribonucleic acid that carries coded genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for the synthesis of proteins
mRNA
149
present in cells in relatively small amounts and very short-
lived
mRNA
150
single stranded, biosynthesis is directed by information encoded on DNA
mRNA
151
is synthesized along one
strand of an unwound DNA, starting from the 3’ end
mRNA
