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Pharmacology > NUIP 315 final > Flashcards

NUIP 315 final Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

Define Pharmacokinetics

A
  • what the body does to the medication

- A mathematical representation of a medication’s journey through the body

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2
Q

Define Pharmacodynamics

A
  • what the medication does to the body

- The effects of a medication on the body as result of its interaction with receptors and/or biochemical actions

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3
Q

What are the related parameters for absorption?

A

Bioavailability (F) is the fraction of the dose that reaches the blood circulation

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4
Q

What are the related parameters for distribution?

A

Volume of Distribution (VD)

Elimination Half Life (T1/2)

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5
Q

What are the related parameters for metabolism?

A

Bioavailability
Elimination Half-Life (T ½ )
Clearance (CL)

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6
Q

What is the related parameters elimination?

A

Clearance (CL) is the volume of plasma that is cleared of a drug in a given time (ml/min or l/h)

Elimination Half-Life (T ½ ) is the amount of time it takes for the drug concentration in the plasma to reach half of its value

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7
Q

What is normal pH?

A

pH 7.35-7.45

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8
Q

What ph is acidosis?

A

less than 7.35

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9
Q

What is the pH of alkalosis?

A

Higher than 7.45

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10
Q

What is an example that causes metabolic acidosis?

A

DKA (diabetic ketoacidosis)

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11
Q

What is an example that causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

excessive vomiting

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12
Q

what is example that causes respiratory acidosis?

A

COPD

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13
Q

What is an example of respiratory alkalosis?

A

Panic attack (hyperventilation)

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14
Q

What does compensation mean?

A

Restoring balance in the body; if the primary imbalance is metabolic, we try to compensate for it through the respiratory system, and that respiratory compensation is faster than metabolic

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15
Q

Is acetaminophen example of an anti-inflammatory?

A

nope. it does not have anti-inflammatory properties

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16
Q

Define NSAIDS

A

NSAIDs are Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (they are NOT steroids). They inhibit cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX)

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17
Q

What examples of Cox-1 medications?

A

Acetates: diclofenac, ketorolac, indomethacin

Propionates: ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen

Salicylates: aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)

Oxicams: piroxicam

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18
Q

What enzyme does coxibs inhibits? example includes a celecoxib medication

A

cox-2

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19
Q

what are the adverse effects of a COX-1 enzyme inhibitor?

A

GI bleeds/ GI problems/ increased bleeding

→ Do not give (ASPIRIN) with a hemorrhagic stroke because of increased bleeding

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20
Q

What are the adverse effects of a Cox-2 medication?

A

BLOOD CLOTS (pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis)

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21
Q

What do NSAIDS inhibit the formation of?

A

PROSTAGLANDINS

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22
Q

What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness
Pain
Swelling
Heat

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23
Q

What are examples of K sparing diuretics?

A

Spironolactone, triamterene

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24
Q

What are examples of Loop diuretics?

A

Furosemide (strongest)

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25
What is example of a thiazide diuretic?
Hydrochlorizide
26
What is an example of an osmotic diuretic?
Mannitol (ICP) *** this is the class of diuretic that does NOT work by specifically changing cation (sodium or potassium) reabsorption
27
What is an example of a carbonic anhydrase diuretic?
Acetazolamide
28
What is the 1st generation antihistamine used to help nausea?
promethazine and meclizine are antihistamines we use the anti-serotonin effects of to help treat nausea
29
When are histamines released?
during an allergic reaction
30
What is the order we give respiratory medications in an acute asthma attack? (name the beta 2 agonist medications)
SABAS first: Albuterol (for acute asthma), Levalbuterol (short acting; fastest thing we have) LABAs: Salmeterol, Formoterol (long lasting; we use for maintenance)
31
List the respiratory medications that are bronchodilators
Beta-2 Agonist Anticholinergics PDE 4 Inhibitors (BAP)
32
List the respiratory medications that are in a class of anti-inflammatories
Steroids (Inhaled Mostly) Leukotriene Agents Mast Cell Stabilizers (stops from releasing histamine and leukotrienes) (SLaM)
33
Where does chronic bronchitis affect in the body?
problem is in the bronchi
34
Where does emphysema affect in the body?
Alveoli
35
Name the infectives that affects cell wall synthesis
cephalosporins, penicillins, vancomycin remember CEll and penCELLins
36
Name the anti-infective that affects protein synthesis?
Protein synthesis: aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines (AT MF)
37
Name the anti-infective that affects folate synthesis
sulfonamides (SMX/TMP) * Sulfonamide & Trimethoprim:Folate synthesis (used for UTIs)
38
The coronavirus is a family of what...
a family of viruses that cause many different respiratory disorders. The specific coronavirus that causes COVID-19 is called SARS-CoV-2 (Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome - CoronaVirus - 2, because it was also a coronavirus responsible for SARS)
39
The pacemaker of your heart is...
The SA node
40
what is the normal electrical activity in the heart?
Rate: 60-100 bpm Rhythm : normal velocity (note this changes in different parts of the heart) Origin: begins at the sinoatrial (SA) node - your SA node is your natural pacemaker Sequence: Normal conduction pathway
41
What type of heart dysfunction is a conduction block?
bradycardia
42
What are the types of dysfunction in the heart?
Automaticity : dysfunction in spontaneous depolarization at SA node or other cells that do not spontaneously fire (tachy, brady) Triggered activity: myocardial cell fires first outside of normal depolarization (early or delayed) (tachy) Re-entry : signal that cannot follow normal pathway because of scarring or block, and causes circular signal (tachy) Conduction block: (brady)
43
Which is faster: afib or a flutter?
``` Afib is faster than aflutter Atrial fibrillation (a-fib): multiple foci >350 bpm (re-entry) (my heart beats faster if I tell a fib) ```
44
Define Torsades de pointe
Polymorphic V-tach with prolonged QT interval
45
Some medications, such as TCAs, can be associated with which dysrhythmia? Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs, amiodarone
ventricular tachycardia
46
What are the ions associated with dysrhythmias?
sodium, potassium, and calcium
47
What are the types of anti-dysrhythmic medications that act on the nodes of the heart?
Class II (beta-blockers) and Class IV (NonDHP Calcium-channel blockers) act at the nodes in the heart
48
What are the adverse affects of amodarone (contains iodine) * class III potassium channel blockers?
cyanosis
49
What is the MOA of adenosine?
Short-acting block of AV node (think chemical defibrillator
50
What is atropine used for?
Symptomatic bradycardia
51
What is the definition of atherosclerosis?
Characterized by stiffening of the arterial wall and formation of lipid plaques
52
Describe the types of anginas (chest pain)
external/stable (demand): Unstable (supply) variant/prinzmetal (supply)
53
How are nitrate treatments used for heart disease?
nitrates are direct vasodilators. Sudden vasodilation can also cause drop in blood pressure, headache, dizziness (because of drop in BP), and flushing (because of vasodilation)
54
Is HDL good cholesterol?
YES... LDL (wants a decrease) BAD HDL (want an increase) GOOD TG (want a decrease) BAD
55
What anti-lipidemic medications target triglycerides?
Fibrates, Omega-3s
56
What anti-lipidemic medications works in adipose tissue?
niacin
57
What is the anti-lipidemic medications that is shown to decrease mortality in post MI patients?
statins
58
What are the adverse effect of statins?
Rhabdomyolysis
59
What are the adverse effects of Fibrates and Bile Acid Sequestrants?
Gallstones
60
What are the adverse effects of Niacin?
Flushing
61
What are the adverse effects of PCSK9 Inhibitors?
neurocognitive disturbance
62
What are the adverse effects if Omega 3s?
Fishy taste
63
What is an example of Statins?
Atorvastatin | - statin
64
What is an example of Fibrates?
Gemfibrozil -fib-
65
What is an example of Bile Acid sequestrants?
Cholstyramine
66
What is an example of Cholesterol absorption inhibitors?
Ezetimibe
67
What is an example of Niacin?
Nicotinic acid
68
What is an example of PCSK9 inhibitors?
alirocumab
69
what is an example of omega-3s?
Eicosapentaenoic acid
70
Antiplatelet MOA
prevent platelet aggregation by acting on receptors or biochemical processes in the platelet cell or preventing the formation of compounds necessary for these processes to occur
71
Anticoagulants MOA
prevent the activation of various clotting factors in the clotting cascade to prevent activation of fibrinogen to fibrin
72
Thrombolytics MOA
bust up clots that are already there by activating plasminogen to plasmin, which breaks down fibrin
73
What is an example NSAID?
Aspirin
74
What is an example ADP receptors P2Y12 blocker?
Clopidogrel
75
What is an example of GPIIb/IIIa Receptor blockers ?
Abciximab
76
Examples of heparin
- Enoxaparin | - Fondaparinux
77
Antidote for heparin
Protamine sulfate
78
What is an example Factor Xa inhibitors?
rivaroxaban (note the Xa in the name!)
79
``` What is an example of Direct thrombin (Factor II) inhibitors? ```
argatroban
80
What is an example | Vitamin K reductase inhibitor?
Warfarin
81
Antidote for Warfarin
Vitamin K
82
Parameters around Warfarin:
It has lots of DDIs, Drug-Food Interactions, narrow therapeutic window, requires close monitoring (INR) Works on vitamin K recycling Takes 3-5 days for effect (so is often bridged with heparin upon initiation)
83
What is systole?
Active contraction
84
What is diastole?
Active relaxation
85
What are the immediate medications given for MIs
MONA | Morphine, Oxygen, nitro-glycerin, Aspirin
86
What meds are shown to decrease mortality in post- MI patients
SAAB | statin, ace inhibitor, anticoagulant/antiplatelet, beta blocker
87
Most common causes of chronic kidney disease
- Hypertension, diabetes mellitus | - Long term use of medication
88
Complications of chronic Kidney disease
- Hyperkalemia - Hyperphosphatemia - Hypocalcemia - Anemia (normocytic) - Hypertension
89
Treatments in CKD (chronic kidney disease)
Hyperkalemia - Kayexalate (sodium polystyrene) Hyperphosphatemia - Calcium carbonate/acetate, sevelamer Hypocalemia - Calcium + Vit D3 Anemia (normocytic) - Epo/darbopoeitin alfa Hypertension - Antihypertensives
90
What complications cause complicated UTIs
Diabetes, Immunocompromised, pregnant, procedures, catheter, male
91
Common antibiotic treatments for UTI treatment & MOA
TMP/SMX:Folate synthesis Nitrofurantoin:Protein synthesis Fosfomycin:Cell wall synthesis Amoxicillin/K-clavulanate: Cell wall synthesis
92
What urinary anesthetic is commonly used?
Phenazopyridine
93
Most common type of urinary stone
Calcium oxalate
94
What treatments are used for Urinary Stones and what do they do?
Pain medication - NSAIDs, opioids Alpha-blocker (tamsulosin) * alpha stimulation can cause vasodilation - Dilate smooth muscle of urinary tract ⚈→ ⬤ Potassium citrate 🍌 - Decreases acidity allowing stones to dissolve, binds calcium to prevent precipitation Thiazide diuretics 🚰 - Preventative
95
Types of incontinence and their treatments
- Stress - Urge - Oxybutynin - Overflow - tamsulosin - prazosin - Neurogenic - Non-pharm interventions necessary because meds wont help
96
What are the differences between Type I and Type II diabetes
Type I - autoimmune - body destroyed its own pancreas (insulin producing islet cells in the pancreas are destroyed, so the body can’t produce any insulin) → Primary problem is destruction of insulin producing cells Type II - → Acquired over time Insulin resistance eventually leading to insulin deficiency → the islet cells are still working but the body is resistant to insulin

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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