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nur 225 exam 2 > NUR 226 stress > Flashcards

NUR 226 stress Flashcards

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1
Q

What process helps the body achieve homeostasis by altering se-points based on the situation?

A

allostasis

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2
Q

T/F: Allostasis has the ability to anticipate the demands of the body in order to return to homeostasis

A

t

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3
Q

T/F: the short-term stress response is meant to be helpful to the body

A

t

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4
Q

Which stress is POSITIVE, and can increase motivation/focus/mood?

A

eustress

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5
Q

Which stress is NEGATIVE, and increases anxiety, decreases performance, and is outside of one’s coping abilities?

A

distress

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6
Q

SATA: Things that affect our coping mechanisms.
a. genetics
b. culture
c. prior experiences
d. environment
e. health status
f. allostatic state

A

all

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7
Q

What are the 3 stages of the stress response?

A

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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8
Q

The (SNS/PNS) has to do with fight or flight

A

sns

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9
Q

What does the hypothalamus release in the HPA axis?

A

CRH

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10
Q

When the hypothalamus releases CRH, this stimulates 2 things

A

SNS, Anterior Pituitary

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11
Q

When the SNS is activated in the HPA axis, what is stimulated?

A

adrenal medulla

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12
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release in the HPA axis (3)?

A

catecholamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

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13
Q

What does catecholamine/norepinephrine/epinephrine cause?

A

fight or flight (SNS, increased energy)

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14
Q

What does the anterior pituitary release in the HPA axis?

A

ACTH

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15
Q

What does ACTH cause in the HPA axis?

A

adrenal cortex releases glucocorticoids (cortisol)

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16
Q

What happens to the pupils, HR, bronchi, peristalsis, glucose production in fight or flight (SNS) response?

A

pupils dilate, HR increases, bronchi dilate, peristalsis slows, glucose increases (fuel)

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17
Q

Rest and Digest is the activation of the…

A

PNS

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18
Q

Name 2 Catecholamines

A

Norepinephrine and Epinephrine

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19
Q

T/F: Norepinephrine develops memory

A

T

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20
Q

Which neurotransmitter is being described?
catecholamine, constricts smooth muscle, regulates perfusion, maintains pressure, pupils dilate, decrese gastric/insulin secretions, develops memory

A

norepinephrine

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21
Q

Which neurotransmitter is being described?
catecholamine, increases venous return/CO/HR, dilates airways, increase in glycogenolysis, decrease in insulin

A

epinephrine

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22
Q

T/F: HPA Axis is a POSITIVE feedback loop

A

F

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23
Q

What happens to the HPA axis when we administer Cortisol?

A

shuts off

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24
Q

Name a glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

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25
T/F: Cortisol promostes synthesis of epinephrine
T
26
Which hormone is being described? glucocorticoid, increase CO/BP, inhibits hormones of female reproductive system, increase in glucose/amino acids, atrophy of lymph, releases in response to ACTH
cortisol
27
Name a mineralcorticoid
aldosterone
28
Which hormone is being described? mineralcorticoid, works in kidneys, absorb Na, excrete K and H, increase fluid retention (increase volume and BP)
aldosterone
29
In what stage is there continued hormone and catecholamine release?
resistance stage
30
What happens in the resistance stage if the stressor is removed?
relaxation, PNS takes over, cholinergic response (increse in acetylcholine)
31
What happens in the resistance stage if the stressor is NOT removed?
stress continues (decreased supply of glucose/energy/norep/epinephrine/cortisol)
32
T/F: the body can still achieve homeostasis in the exhaustion stage
F
33
Which part of the body experiences hypertrophy in the exhaustion stage?
adrenal cortex
34
Which part of the body experiences atrophy in the exhaustion stage?
lymph tissue
35
State whether the following INCREASES or DECREASES with Chronic Stress. a. cortisol b. risk for infection c. T cells d. catecholamines
a. decrease b. increase c. decrease d. increase
36
Is the following Allostatic Load or Allostatic Overload? alters organs and tissues, stress-induced disease, increases aging process, failed adaptation
Overload
37
S/S of Allostatic Overload
hair loss, tension, asthma, palpitations, tics, digestive disorders, anorexia, acne, irritable bladder, irregular periods, impotence (e.d.), sleep disturbances
38
What influences our response to stress
Genetics * Culture * Prior experiences/ Environment * Pre-existing health status * Allostatic state * Ability to manage stress
39
Glucocorticoids Cortisol Function
-Increase cardiac output and blood pressure * Decrease luteinizing hormones, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone * Increase levels of amino acids * Atrophy of lymph tissues * Limited increase in WBC response
40
Mineralocorticoids * Aldosterone function
Absorb Na+ * Excrete K+ (and H+) * Water follows Na+
41
Glucocorticoids promote synthesis of
epinephrine
42
Sleep deprivation can impair one's memory
t
43
Name some diseases that can occur with increased stress
Coronary artery disease Hypertension Stroke Tension headaches Rheumatoid arthritis Autoimmune diseases Irritable bowel syndrome Ulcers Sexual disorders Type 2 DM This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC
44
Sleep deprivation causes...
IRRITABILITY AND MOODINESS APATHY IMPAIRED MEMORY POOR JUDGEMENT HALLUCINATIONS CAN DEVELOP
45
in the exhaustion stage Body can no longer achieve homeostasis which leads to
Hypertrophy of adrenal cortex * Atrophy of lymphatic tissue * Bleeding ulcers
46
Immunosuppression from cortisol leads to
* Decreased response of WBCs * Atrophy of thymus and decreased T-cells
47
Allostatic Load
chronic stress * Long term dysregulation
48
Allostatic overload
* Exhaustion * Stress-induced disease or disorder
49
overload can cause
* Hair loss * Tension * Mouth sores * Asthma * Palpitations * Tics * Digestive disorders * Irritable bladder * Acne * Irregular periods * Impotence * Sleep disturbances
50
Over production of Stress hormones leads to
-Effects memory Major depressive disorders -Immunosuppression Increased risk of infection Autoimmune disorders Decreased healing Prolongation of existing infections
51
What is considered the primary stress hormone?
Cortisol
52
Cortisol (increases/decreases) the amount of glucose in the body
increases
53
If glycogen increases, does glucose increase or decrease?
decrease Glucose levels decrease: As glucose is converted into glycogen for storage, circulating glucose levels in the blood decrease.
54
Increased cortisol levels can lead to what disease?
hyperglycemia
55
Where is cortisol released from?
adrenal gland (cortex)
56
Cortisol metabolises what
Protein
57
Anabolic
build up
58
Catabolic
break down -Muscle * Adipose and lymph tissue * Skin and bone
59
Cortisol promotes the redistribution of what
Fat
60
What is the term for fat breakdown in extremities?
Lipolysis
61
What is the term for fat redistribution to the face and trunk?
Lipogenesis
62
Protein Metabolism and Fat redistribution are linked to this hormone...
cortisol
63
What happens to the cardiovascular system when there is an adrenal insufficiency with glucocorticoids (Cortisol)?
decreased BP, decreased vasoconstriction, increased permeability, edema
64
What happens to the MSK system when there is an adrenal insufficiency with glucocorticoids (Cortisol)?
decreased perfusion, weakness in extremities
65
T/F: With an adrenal insufficiency of glucocorticoids, hyperglycemia can occur with increased stress
F (HYPOglycemia)
66
What hormone is decreased when dealing with an adrenal insufficiency of mineralcorticoids?
aldosterone
67
Hyponatremia is a decrease in...
Na
68
T/F: renal failure can occur with decreased aldosterone and adrenal insufficience of mineralcorticoids
t
69
T/F: ACUTE adrenal insufficiency is a medical emergency
t
70
What occurs when you abruptly take someone off steroids?
adrenal failure, decreased cortisol (adrenal gland needs time to adjust and start making its own cortisol)
71
A patient comes in who abruptly stopped taking their steroids. They are experiencing hypotension, dehydration, weakness, and have nausea. How will you cure this patient?
fluid replacement (increase volume), increase glucose, administer steroids
72
T/F: Steroids do NOT have anti-inflammatory properties
f
73
With increased stress, you can (increase/keep) the dose of steroids. when stress passes you should..
increase titrate it down to normal dose
74
With what situations do we give steroids for?
allergies, asthma, COPD, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, edema, post-transplant
75
steriods can be adminstered in cases of
Excessive or extreme stress * Trauma * Sepsis
76
Adrenal insufficiency: mineralocorticoids
* Hyponatremia * Hyperkalemia * Cellular dehydration * Decreased ECF volume * Renal failure
77
What drug is considered to be synthetic cortisol and has no AE at low doses?
Hydrocortisone
78
Name 3 glucocorticoid steroids
hydrocortisone, prednisone, dexamethasone
79
When do we administer Prednisone?
chronic diseases (COPD)
80
AE of glucocorticoids
adrenal insufficiency, infection, fat redistribution, muscle wasting, weight gain, immunosupression, depression, glucose intolerance
81
T/F: Steroids are replacement drugs
t
82
Dexamethasone is administered to get an idea of how well this gland is functioning...
adrenal gland
83
Name a mineralcorticoid steroid
Fludrocortisone (Florinef)
84
high levels of Hydrocortisone is
toxic
85
Teaching with Glucocorticoid
Taper dose * Don't stop abruptly
86
Fludrocortisone acts like
aldstorne
87
?Fludrocortisone can be used with?
glucocorticoids

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