NUR 422 Exam 1

Question 1

Define “public health.”

Answer 1

Public Health is defined as what we, as a society, do to collectively assure the conditions in which people can be healthy.

Question 2

Identify how public health addresses population-based health issues.

Answer 2

Public health focuses on populations and communities with the goal to promotes health and prevent disease within the population to improve health outcomes. Community is the client!

Question 3

3 core functions of public health

Answer 3

1. Assessment
2. Policy Development
3. Assurance

Question 4

Define Assessment and the associated essential services

Answer 4

Assessment: Investigate health needs and problems and analyze determinants of health.
Essential Services: 1. Monitor health status 2. Diagnosis and investigate health problems and hazards in the community

Question 5

Define Policy Development and the associated essential services

Answer 5

Policy Development includes advocating for resources, prioritizing health needs, and plan and develop polices to address the priority health needs.
Essential services: 1. Inform, educate, and empower 2. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems 3. Develop policies and plans

Question 6

Define Assurance and the associated essential services

Answer 6

Assurance is managing resources, implementing programs to address priority health needs, and evaluate how those intervention are affecting the population.
Essential services: 1. Enforce laws and regulations 2. Link people with needed person health services 3. Assure competent public and personal healthcare workforce 4. Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality 5. Research for new insight.

Question 7

Discuss the role of public health in improving population health. (What are the major public health achievements?)

Answer 7

The focus is NOT to treat the disease after it occurs but to analyze why it is occurring and use this knowledge to prevent it. Upstream thinking focuses on modifying economic, political, and environmental factors to support better health outcomes
“downstream.”

Question 8

Define and describe essential/key concepts (What is Upstream Thinking?)

Answer 8

Upstream thinking is the idea community conditions impact individual health outcomes. It focuses on modifying economic, political, and environmental factors to support better health outcomes

Question 9

The three levels of prevention

Answer 9

1. Primary: Prevention of problems before they occur (Vaccinations)
2. Secondary: Detects and treats problems in their early stages (Screenings/ Testing)
3. Tertiary: Limits further negative effects from and existing problem (Rehabilitation Services)

Question 10

Define and give examples of equity

Answer 10

Equity: Custom tools that identify and address inequality
Examples: Obstacles such are poverty, discrimination, lack of access to jobs with fair pay, quality education, housing, safe environments, and health care

Question 11

Define and give examples of equality

Answer 11

Equality: Evenly distributed tools and assistance

Examples:

Question 12

Define and give examples of justice

Answer 12

Justice: Fixing the system to offer equal access to both tools and opportunities

Examples:

Question 13

Define implicit bias.

Answer 13

Implicit Bias is attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner.

Question 14

Identify the facts surrounding implicit bias.

Answer 14

1. Implicit biases are pervasive
2. Implicit and explicit biases are related but distinct mental constructs
3. Do not necessarily align with our declared beliefs
4. We generally tend to hold implicit biases that favor our own in group
5. Implicit biases are malleable

Question 15

Discuss the ramifications of experiences of bias in the health care setting

Answer 15

Implicit biases held by healthcare provider
1.experience stigma from healthcare provider
2. Anticipated future stigma
3. Avoid the healthcare system
4. Decreased quality of life

Question 16

Public Health Nursing Process

Answer 16

Assessment (Recognize cues)
Diagnosis (Analyze cues, prioritize hypothesis)
Planning (Generate solutions)
Implementation (Take action)
Evaluation (Evaluate outcomes)

Working WITH the community

Question 17

What are the specific tasks completed in ASSESSMENT

Answer 17

Community needs assessment.
Identify and define who the “client” (community) is:
* Family, aggregate, organization, etc.
* Boundaries (ex. geographic)
Gain entry into the community to establish a professional relationship
* Meet with leaders of the community.
* Set the foundation for ongoing meetings and for collaborative approach to
improving/maintaining the health of the community (active v. passive participation)
Data collection (needs, resources, and services)

Question 18

What are the specific tasks completed in DIAGNOSIS

Answer 18

• Community nursing diagnosis
• Analyze primary and secondary data
• Prioritize health needs
• Identify focus population/aggregate
• Identify factors that contribute to the health need
• Ex. lack of resources
  Diagnosis should include: Risk of (disability, disease, etc.) among (community or population) related to (etiological statements) as evidence by (health indicators)

Question 19

What are the specific tasks completed in PLANNING

Answer 19

• Identify potential approaches to address priority health
  needs/problems
• Develop goal(s)
• Develop objectives for the overall goal
• SMART formatting

Question 20

What are the specific tasks completed in IMPLEMENTATION and

Answer 20

• Implementation should follow the initial plan but be
  flexible
• Various strategies should be integrated into
  implementation
• Strategies to address potential barriers should be
  identified and planned for during the planning phase
• Be willing to respond to the unexpected problems

Question 21

What are the specific tasks completed in EVALUATION

Answer 21

• Relevance: was the program needed?
• Adequacy: addressed entire program
• Progress: tracking program activities to meet program objectives
• Efficiency: cost-benefit analysis (benefits > cost)
• Effectiveness: results
• Impacts: long-term results
• Sustainability: is the program able to continue
• Develop recommendations based on evaluation
  data
• Communicate follow-up recommendations
• Plan next steps

Question 22

What are the different types of evaluation?

Answer 22

Formative and summative

Question 23

Define FORMATIVE evaluation. What is its purpose?

Answer 23

Formative evaluation is the evaluation completed at each stage of the intervention.
Purpose is to examine, strengthen, and improve the program
Process evaluation is a type of formative evaluation

Question 24

Define SUMMATIVE evaluation. What is its purpose?

Answer 24

Summative evaluation is done at the completion of the intervention.
The purpose is evaluate the FINAL product/outcomes

Question 25

Identify types of data and discuss sources of data used in community assessment

Answer 25

Primary Data: collected by you
Secondary data: info from another source
key informant interviews
windshield survey

Question 26

Be able to recognize a SMART objective with all the components.

Answer 26

Specific
Measurable
Attainable
Realistic
Time-bound