Nur104 Test 3 Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What are functions of pulmonary system
A
Defense system
Ventilation
Gas exchange
2
Q
How is breathing controled
A
Respiratory centers in brain stem control breathing using feedback from chemoreceptors and lung receptor
3
Q
What are chemoreceptors
A
Located in medulla of brainstem carotid artery and aorta to detect changes in co2
4
Q
What are defense systems
A
Allows to be warmed has cilia hair projection epiglottis flap cough or sneeze to get foreign objects out
5
Q
What is ventilation
A
Movement of air into and out of the lungs through act of breathing by inhalation and exhalation
6
Q
Gas exchange
A
Respiration exchange of o2 and co2 in lungs o2 of blood and co2 of lungs
7
Q
Surfactant
A
Covers and lowers alveoli so don’t stick prevent lung collapse
Premature infants don’t have
8
Q
Inhalation
A
Expansion of chest cavity and lungs
9
Q
Exhalation
A
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax allowing chest and lungs return to normal resting size
10
Q
What are factors influence pulmonary system
A
Lifestyle- smoking general health
Environment-workplace home 2nd hand smoke and carbon monoxide
Development-infants to adults
Physiological- norm and disorders
11
Q
Mononucleosis
A
Serious infection obstruction of airway tonsils get closed
12
Q
Pulmonary problems
A
Resp infection cold allergies flu
Pulmonary system prob
Pulmonary circulation prob-blood clots in lungs
Pulmonary fibrosis lungs get stiff cant take get deep breath
13
Q
Pulmonary assessment
A
Health history
Physical examination-breathing patterns resp effort/dyspnea cough
Diagnostic testing-sputum specimens skin test pulse oximetry incentive spirometer arterial blood gases peak flow monitoring
14
Q
Dyspnea
A
Shortness of breath
15
Q
Sputum specimens
A
Afb sputum tb test
Tells if bacteria in lungs if no its virus
16
Q
Pulse oximetry
A
95% norm less hypoxia
17
Q
Incentive spirometer
A
2 or 3 tubes with balls ask suck on then try ball to top
18
Q
Arterial blood gases
A
Gives actual amount of o2 in blood
19
Q
Peak flow monitoring
A
Usually patients with asthma
20
Q
Crackles
A
Rice crispies fluid or congestion pneumonia
21
Q
Rhonchi
A
Air tring to go through water rumbling or bubble sound can be cleared
22
Q
Wheezes
A
Asthma croop COPD high pitched squick inspiration and expectation hear first expectation
23
Q
Stridor
A
Air going across sandpaper swelling of epiglottis high pitch croop partial airways obstruction
24
Q
Nursing diagnosis
A
Ineffective breathing
Ineffective airway clearance
Impaired gas exchange low o2 sat
Pale or blue confused renal function resp rate increase no increase
25
Nursing goals
Ineffective breathing patterns
Ineffective airway clearance
Impaired gas exchange
26
Pulmonary medication
```
Bronchodilators
Cough suppressants
Expectorants
Decongestants
Antihistamine
Oxygen therapy
```
27
Bronchodilators
Med design to dialate bronchiols inhaled steroids decrease inflammation and mucus production
28
cough suppressants
suppresant cough ussually given at night
29
expectorants
eliminate mucus need drink plenty fluids
30
decongestants
eliminate mucus from antihistamines makes it liquid to get out
31
antihistamines
decrease allergic reaction
32
oxygen therapy
medication must have order
33
what are the medications that are given together for dring up and loosening mucus
decongestants and antihistamines
34
what two medication are given together for inflamation
cough suppressant and bronchodilators this one is usually given first to open airways
35
do cariac and respiratory affect each other
yes what effects one effects the other
36
what is the function of cardiovascular system
to circulate oxygenated blood to organs and tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the heart
37
what is required for cardiovascular system to function
it requires adequate cardiac output
adequate circulation
effective regulation of CV function
38
how is cardiovascular function regulated
by the autonomic nervous system and by control centers in the brain stem
39
what is the autonomic nervous system
sympatheticcauses constriction and dialation of vessels cause fight or flight response
parasympathetic has no control over blood vessels
40
what are factors that influence cardiovascular function
developmental stage, enviroment, lifestyle, medication
41
how does temp change influence cardio function
cold metabolism decrease and decrease HR
| hot increase metabolism and increase HR
42
how does pregnancy influence cardio function
increase O2 demand and blood vol 30%
43
how does obesity influence cardio function
heart has to work harder to pump blood and O2 to extra fat tissue
44
how does exercise influence cardio function
more do bigger CO and lower BP
45
heart failure
inefficient pump not working well
46
cardiomyopathy
enlarged heart with impaired cardiac muscle (contractility) no tone need heart transplant
47
cardiac ischemia
not enough oxygen to cardiac tissue myocardial infarction and angina pectoris
48
myocardial infarction
heart attack
49
angina pectoria
chest pain
50
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis in coronary arteries
51
dysrythmias
bad or irregular heart rhythm and or rate its to high or to low
52
arythmia
no heart beat
53
how do you test for blood oxygenation
pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases
54
decreased cardiac output
not pump enough blood decrease pulse ox low BP or high HR cap refill above 3 sec
55
ineffective tissue perfusion
poor circulation cold fingers and toes pale scienotic confused cap refill
56
manage anxiety
calm down take deep breath med for cause maybe O2 morphine helps pain and anxiety
57
to promote circulation
exercise ambulate sequential compression devices
58
health promotion cardio
fluids anicoagulants nutrition exercise
59
cardio medication
vasodilators beta blockers calcium channel blockers diuretics
60
vasodilator (cardio med)
nitrates vessel dialte bigger more blood flow and O2 to heart
61
beta blockers (cardio med)
block beta receptors in heart or lungs slows HR and contraction makes tone relaxed decreases BP and HR
62
which cardio med is the primary one given to prevent heart attack
beta blockers
63
what is a SE of beta blocker
orthostatic hypertention
64
calcium channel blockers
minerals cause contraction decrease HR and BP may get adema also decrease O2 demands
65
diuretics
urrinate excessively removes sodium and water from body
66
what are SE of diuretics
loss of potassium
67
positive ionotropes
common degioxin strong firm contraction increase O2 demand
68
baroreceptors
stretch heart and blood vessels are sensitive to pressure changes sence small drop in pressure brain stem stimulates sympathetic nervouse system to increase HR and induce vasoconstriction
69
what are bowel elimination process structure & function of colon (Lg Intestine)
absorb water eliminate waste vitamin K-bacteria flora
70
what are problems of bowel elimination
constipation which leads to fecal impaction, diarrhea, flatulence, bowel incontinence
71
what are factors affecting bowel elimination
nutrition, exercise, socioculture, & development, pregnancy, pathological conditions, medication
72
what is valsalva maneurer and what can it cause
straining can cause vagus nerve stimulation risk for arrhythmia
73
how much fluid and fiber should a person have a day
6-8 8oz glasses (1500-2000mL) and 25g
74
how is bowel elimination effected in pregnancy
hormone progesterone which slows GI tract to increase absorption of nutrients which increase risk of constipation, hemroids need increase fluid and fiber
75
what are some medications that affect bowel elimination
antacids(neutralize), aspirin & NSAIDS (GI irritaing bleeding), antibiotics(kills natural flora) iron(diff absorb vC helps absorb) analgesic(slow down GI), laxative(use when need dont get dependence)
76
what are some diagnostic test for bowel elimination
barium enema, colonoscopy, & stool analysis
77
what is Barium Enema
an enema that is white chalky given for Xray it can get hard if not passed and cause bowel abstruction
78
what is filtration
wastes, toxins, excess ions & water
79
what is reabsorption
water electrolytes for homeostasis(balance)
80
what is secretion
erythropoientin(creation WBC) renin activates Vitamin D3
81
what is elimination
voiding (micturition)
82
what is the functional unit of kedneys
nephron
83
what does enlarged prostate glands cause
urinary retention, UTI, dont empty all way have residual
84
what kind of catheter do you insert to check for residual
straight, in & out, or intermit
85
where are the kidneys located
retro peritoneium
86
what is nocterial
void at night
87
what is renal calculi
stones in urine
88
what are metabolic disorders
diabetes
89
how do you check for bladder distention
lay flat on bed see if extra bulge in super pubic area will feel spongy
90
What are diagnostic test for urine
urinalysis, culture, specific gravity, blood chemistry, cystoscopy, urodynamic test, imaging
91
what is a urinalysis
should be neg for protein, bacteria, glucose, keytones, color should be clear yellow or cloudy
92
what is specific gravity
compares urine to pure water if dehydrated SG will be high
93
what is blood chemistry
BUN and creatine skeletal breakdown kidnwys not filtering out nitrogen
94
what is cystoscopy
direct visualization of bladder
95
what is a urodynamic test
measure kidney function
96
what is imagin of urinary
used to evaluate urinary lesions (cancer, stones)
97
what are signs and symptoms of UTI
urgency, frequency, burning, oder,pyuria, dysuria, hematuria, bladder spasms, edema, chills. fever, back pain, N/V
98
what is a type of urinary incontinence
stress (sneeze wet self) nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting)
99
what is urostomy
drains urine
100
how much should a patient void per 24hr
1500mL
101
what are body fluids
water
102
what do body fluids contain
solutes a solid substance that dissolve in body fluid such as electrolyte and nonelectrolyte
103
what are electrolytes
sodium and potassium develop electrical charge when dissolved
104
what are nonelectrolytes
glucose and urea they dont conduct electricity
105
what are body fluid functions
maintain blood vol, reg body temp, transport material to & from cells, assist with digestion of food, cellular metabolism, excreting waste
106
what are compartments of body fluids
intracellular and extracellular
107
what is intracellular
within the cell
108
what is extracellular
outside cell interstitial, intravascular, transcellular
109
what is interstitial
within the tissue
110
what is intravascular
vessels
111
what is transcellular
specialized fluid cerebrailspinal, pleural, peritoneal, synovial fluid, & digestive juices
112
what compartment is most body fluids consist of
intracellular in cells
113
what is osmosis
movement of water across membrane from low to high concentration moves to dilute higher concentration
114
what is hypotonic
lower osmolality than blood moves by osmosis from vascular system into cells
115
what is hypertonic
higher concentration than blood water moves by osmosis from cells into entracellular
116
what is diffusion
molecules of solute move high to low cencentration it occurs until equivlant on both sides
117
what is filtration
movement of both water and smaller particles from high to low pressure
118
what is hydrostatic pressure
force created by fluid within closed system responsible for norm circulation of blood
119
what is osmotic pressure
power of solution to draw water from high concentration and has high osmotic pressure ( water follow salt little swelling)
120
how is body fluid regulated
fluid intake by thirst change in plasma osmolality hypothalmus
121
how else is fluid regulated beside fluid intake
fluid output by urine 1500mL/day, skin perspiration, lungs exhalation, & feces 100-200mL/day
122
what hormones regulate fluid
antidiuretic (ADH), renin-angiotension, aldosterone, thyroid, & brain naturetic
123
what is antidiuretic hormone ADH
pressure sensors in vascular system stimulates from pituitary gland when to smal causes kidneys to retain fluid release when not enough fluid or tissue vol
124
what is renin angiotensin
when extracellular (intravascular) fluid vol decrease receptors it responds to decrease perfussion in kidneys helps going through nephron s help absorb sodium and water
125
what is aldosterone
when released stimulates distal tubules of kidney to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium passive transport of water where sodium goes water follows
126
what is thyroid hormone
affect fluid vol by influencing cardiac output increase cardiac output have more blood diffusion to kidneys
127
what is sodium Na
135-145 mEq/L extracellular fluid regulates fluid vol kidneys reabsorb
128
what is potassium K
3.5-5 mEq/L has effect on heart to high or to low intracellular fluid muscle contraction cardiac conduction kidneys eliminate
129
what is calcium Ca
8.5-10.5 mg/dL extracellular bone health insufficiency leads to osteoporosis
130
what is magnesium Mg
1.6-2.6 mEq/L intracellular bone many cellular functions alcoholism leads to low levels of electrolytes and vitamins and minerals
131
what is chloride Cl
95-105mEq/L extracellular bound to other ions sodium and others
132
what is phosphate PO
1.7-2.6 mEq/L intracellular anion bound with calcium in teeth and bones inverse relationship if increase calcium it will most likely decrease
133
what is bicarbonate HCO
22-26 mEq/L antacid ICF & ECF acid bace balance regulates kidneys its produced by body to ast as buffer
134
what is a acid
contains hydrogen ions
135
what is a base
accepts hydrogen ions
136
what is the normal pH balance
7.35-7.45
137
how is acid base measured
by arterial blood gases ABGs
138
what will it cause if acid balance goes below 6.90 or above 7.80
death
139
what is acidosis pH
below 7.35 retention CO2 loss of bicarbonate
140
what is alkaline pH
above 7.45 blowing of CO2 (hypervent) increase bicarbonate
141
how are acid base regulated
buffer systems, resp mech, & renal mech
142
what is the buffer system
works the fastest within sec prevents wide swing in pH
143
what is resp mech
sec line of defense to restore norm pH when to acidic to high lungs remove CO2 through rapid breathing (hyperventalation) reacts in min-hrs
144
what is renal mech
its last line of defense reg concentration of plasma bicarbonate kidneys take days to react very through but slow
145
what is the best way to determine fluid balance
daily weight
146
what is isotonic fluids
wants to stay in vessels fluid remain in intravascular
147
what is hypotonic fluids
less than serum fluid pulls body water out intravascular
148
what is hypertonic fluids
higher than serum fluid pulls body water into intravascular dehydrated dec vol dec BP
149
what are some symptoms of hyponatremia Na sodium
less than 135 anorexia N&V confusion monitor sodium levels & O2
150
what are symptomes of hypernatremia Na sodium
greater than 145 thirst dry mouth sticky muccous
151
what are symptoms of hypokalemia K potassium
less 3.5 dehydration diuretics fatigue anorexia N&V muscle weakness flat T wave increased sensitivity to digitalis
152
what are symptoms of hyperkalemia K potasium
greater 5.0 everything slows down Gi almost stops muscle weakness tall T waves high
153
what are symptoms of hypocalcemia Ca calcium
less 8.5 numbness and tingling of extremities muscle cramps tetany (nerves quiver
154
what are symptoms of hypercalcemia Ca calcium
greater 10.5 to much intestines slow down muscle weakness constipation anorexia N&V
155
what are symptoms of hypomagnesemia Mg not enough choc
less 1.3 disorientation mood changes increased sensitivity to digitalis
156
what are symptoms of hypermagnesemia Mg to much choc
greater 2.1 drowsiness lethargy hypoactive reflexes depressed resp
157
what are symptoms of hypophosphatemia PO
less 1.7 joint stiffness seizures impaired tissue oxygenation
158
what are symptoms of hyperphosphatemia PO opposite of hypocalcemia
tetany tingling of extremities and cramping
159
what are two types of acid base imbalance
resp and metabolic bicarbonate
160
what is the content for resp
CO2 35-45
161
what is the content of metabolic
HCO3 20-28
