Nurs 207 - Primary Health Care

Question 1

Define Primary Health Care

Answer 1

“essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound, and acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-reliance and self-determination”

PHC is comprehensive care that includes disease prevention, community development, a wide spectrum of services and programs, working in interprofessional teams, and intersectoral collaboration for healthy public policy”

Question 2

Scope of Primary Health Care

Answer 2

Includes the Determinants of Health

Question 3

List the 12 Determinants of Health

Answer 3

Gender
Health Services
Employment/Working conditions
Education and Literacy
Physical Environment
Social Support Networks
Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills
Social Environments
Healthy Child Development
Biology and Genetic Endowment
Culture
Financial and Social Status

Question 4

Identify the attributes of primary health care

Answer 4

Accessibility

Health Promotion

Public Participation

Intersectoral Collaboration

Appropriate technology

Question 5

The 4 Pillars of Primary Health Care

Answer 5

Page 25 of Potter and Perry (Box 2-3)

Teams

Access

Information

Healthy Living

Question 6

Accessibility

Answer 6

A continuing and organized supply of essential health services is available to all people with no unreasonable geographic or financial barriers.

Question 7

Health Promotion

Answer 7

The process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health.

involves health education, nutrition, sanitation, maternal and child health care, immunization, and prevention and control of endemic disease.

Question 8

Public Participation

Answer 8

Individuals and communities have the right and responsibility to be active partners in making decisions about their health care and the health of their communities.

Question 9

Appropriate Technology

Answer 9

This includes methods of care, service delivery, procedures and equipment that are socially acceptable and affordable.

Question 10

Intersectoral Collaboration

Answer 10

Commitment from all sectors (governments, community, and health) is essential for meaningful action on health determinants.

Question 11

Approaches to Healthcare in Canada

Answer 11

Pre 1950-1970’s - Medical (centralized medical care)

1970’s - Behavioural (Lalonde Report)

1980’s Socioenvironmental (EPP Report)

Question 12

Jakarta Declaration

Answer 12

Affirmed the Ottawa Charter prerequisites for health and added four other prerequisites for health:
Empowerment of women
Social Security
Respect for human rights
Social Relations

Declared poverty to be the greatest threat to human health

Question 13

Bangkok Charter (not on admit ticket)

Answer 13

Emphasized mental and spiritual well-being as important elements of health

It identified critical factors influencing health such as the increasing inequalities within and between countries, global environmental change, and urbanization

Emphasized strong political action and sustained advocacy, empowering communities with adequate resources, and corporate sector commitment to healthy workplaces and ethical business practice

Question 14

Toronto Charter

Answer 14

Developed the Social Determinants of Health, 10 Determinants that expand to include the social context

Question 15

Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

Answer 15

“watershed” document that marked the shift from a lifestyle to a socioenvironmental approach to health

Identified prerequisites (precursors) for health including peace, shelter, and education, food, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity

Incorporated concept of empowerment - a person’s ability to define, analyze and solve problems - as an important goal for health care providers

Question 16

Epp Report

Answer 16

Identified three challenges to be addressed for health including reducing inequities, increasing prevention, and increased coping

(Socioenvironmental approach to health care)

Question 17

Lalonde Report

Answer 17

Recognized the impacts of a behavioural approach to health

Focus shifted to 4 elements

• Biology (physiological)
• Environment
• Lifestyle
• Health Services

(Behavioural approach to health care)

Question 18

Canada Health Act (1984)

Answer 18

Is the federal law for Medicare in Canada

Identifies the objective of Canada healthcare policy

Question 19

The 5 Pillars of the Canada Health Act

Answer 19

Page 21 of Potter and Perry (Table 2-1)

Public Administration - provincial and territorial plans operate on a nonprofit basis through a public authority

Comprehensiveness - similar across provinces ie. basic services covered

Universality - open and accessible to all individuals (equity, free of discrimination)

Portability - ability for people to move around Canada and still be covered (without cost or penalty)

Accessibility - make services readily available without causing undue harm/financial instability (based on medical need regardless of ability to pay)

Question 20

Current Structure of Health Care

Answer 20

Page 22 of Potter and Perry

Federal Jurisdiction
Provincial and Territorial Jurisdiction
Professional Jurisdiction

Question 21

Primary care vs Primary health care

Answer 21

Primary Care

• focus is on individual health care
• Focused on individual treatment and rehabilitation
• It is a medical concept referring to a situation in which a physician provides diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up for a specific disease or problem.

Primary Health Care

• foundation of Canada’s health care system
• focus is on health promotion and disease prevention
• principle-based, comprehensive approach
• It acknowledges the broader conditions that determine health

Question 22

Alma Ata

Answer 22

Identified that primary health care was the precursor for health for all