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YEAR 3 > NURS 430 > Flashcards

NURS 430 Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary Health Care

A

Umbrella term - broader scope, about groups and communities (not individual)

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2
Q

Primary Care

A

Falls under PHC - Focuses on preventing, diagnosing, treating and managing conditions - focuses on individual

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3
Q

PHC Principles

A
  1. Accessibility
  2. Public Participation
  3. Health Promotion
  4. Appropriate Technology
  5. Intersectoral collaboration/cooperation
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4
Q

Health Promotion

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve health

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5
Q

Levels of Prevention

A

Primordial Prevention
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Quaternary Prevention

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6
Q

Primordial Prevention

A

Initiatives that prevent conditions that would enable risk factors to develop

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7
Q

Primary Prevention

A

Impact of specific risk factors is lessened.

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8
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Early identification of disease and conditions and timely treatment

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9
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

Once an individual becomes symptomatic, or disease or injury is evident.

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10
Q

Quaternary Prevention

A

Actions that identify populations at risk of overmedicalization.

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11
Q

Lalonde Report (1974)

A

Focus on health, not illness
External forces influence health - biology, lifestyle

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12
Q

Community Definition

A

Group of people who live, learn, work, worship, and play in an environment at a given time - share common characteristics and interests and function within a larger social system.

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13
Q

Public Health

A

Organized efforts in society to keep people healthy and prevent injury, illness and premature death - combination of programs and services and policies that protect and promote the health of Canadians

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14
Q

Community Assessment

A

Ongoing systematic appraisal of the community - looking for trends/changes

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15
Q

Epidemiological Framework

A

CHN examines the frequency and distribution of disease/health in the population using the epidemiology triangle
a) Host-environment agent
b) CHNs determine what the community is, the host, environment and agent.

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16
Q

Community Capacity (assets) approach

A

Capacity building - strengthens the ability of the community to develop and implement health promoting initiatives
a) Deficit based: needs and problems
b) Assets approach: capacities and assets
c) Clients vs citizens
d) Consumers vs producers

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17
Q

Matuk’s community health promotion model

A

Apply community health promotion strategies to achieve collaborative community actions and improve sustainable health outcomes of the community

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18
Q

Types of Community Assessment

A

Environmental scan - windshield survey
Problem Investigation - outbreak
Needs Assessment
Resource Evaluation

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19
Q

Roles of Public Health Nurse

A

Promoting Health with Individuals
Promoting Health with Small Groups of Classrooms
School-Wide Health Promotion
Board or District-Wide and Community-Level Health Promotion

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20
Q

Program Logic Model

A

Visual tool - Helps clarify relationship between program activities and planned outcomes
Stage 1: CAT
Stage 2: SOLO

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21
Q

Stage 1: CAT

A

C: Components/Inputs - what is invested (ex. time, money, materials)
A: Activities/outputs - what is done for each component (ex. teach, delivery service)
T: Target groups - intended recipients (ex. clients, agencies)

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22
Q

Stage 2: SOLO

A

SO: Short-term outcomes (Learning)
LO: Long-term outcomes (Actions and Conditions)

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23
Q

Precede-Proceed Planning Model

A

Community oriented participatory model for creating community health promotion interventions - multiple assessments

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24
Q

SWOT Analysis

A

S: Strengths
W: Weaknesses
O: Opportunities
T: Threats

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25
Formative (Process) Evaluation
Assessment of program implementation a) Progress - monitor program activities b) Relevance - is program suitable to meet the needs of the target group c) Adequacy - extent program addresses the entire health issues defined in the assessment
26
Summative (Outcome) Evaluation
a) Effectiveness - client and staff satisfaction and whether program met objectives (ex. short-term - knowledge) b) Impact - longer term results of program (ex. changes in morbidity or mortality) c) Sustainability - long-term viability of the program
27
Economic Evaluation (Process and outcome)
Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) - compare program to similar objectives to determine the most cost-effective Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) - quantify all costs and benefits
28
CHNC Practice Standards
1. Health Promotion 2. Prevention and Health Protection 3. Health Maintenance, Restoration and Palliation 4. Professional Relationships 5. Capacity Building 6. Health Equity 7. Evidence-Informed Practice 8. Professional Responsibility and Accountability
29
Epidemiology
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events and the application of this study to the control of diseases (deterrents) and other health problems
30
Distribution
The frequency and patterns in terms of person, place, and time (who, where, and when)
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Determinants
Factors that cause or contribute to a disease or change in health
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Deterrents
Factors that prevent or reduce the chance of developing a disease
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Descriptive Epidemiology
Describes the distribution of health events - patterns of those events in populations
34
Analytic Epidemiology
Searches for the determinants of health events - factors, characteristics and behaviours that determine patterns
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Host
Person in which health event occurs
36
Agent
Health challenge/force that begins or continues a health event a) biological (infection agent) b) chemical (toxins, pesticides, smoke, alcohol, etc.) c) physical (radiation, heat, cold, machinery, trauma, etc.) d) others (absence of substance, psychological stress)
37
Environment
Context that promotes the exposure of host to agent a) physical (climate, geography, pollution) b) biological (plants/animals - reservoir for agents) c) social (neighborhood, housing, work, socioeconomic factors)
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Screening
The testing of individuals who do not have symptoms in order to detect a health problem
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Surveillance
The constant watching or monitoring of diseases to assess patterns and quickly identify events that do not fit the pattern
40
Association
Reasonable evidence that a connection exists between two factors (ex. stressor and health challenge)
41
Causation
Definite cause and effect relationship between two factors
42
Criteria for Causation
Temporal relationship Strength of Association Dose-Response Specificity Consistency Biologic Plausibility Experimental Replication
43
Measurements in epi - rate
Measure of the frequency with which an event occurs in a defined population
44
Most common epi rates
Mortality rate = number of deaths in a population Morbidity rate = number of cases of disease or health challenge in a population
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Morbidity - prevalence rate
people with disease in a given population at one point in time/total in given population at same point in time x 1000
46
Morbidity - incidence rate
new cases of disease in population in given period/#persons at risk in the same period x1000
47
Communicable Diseases
Illness caused by a specific infectious agent, or its toxic products that arise through transmission of that agent or its products from infected susceptible host
48
Types of Communicable Diseases
Airbourne Blood bourne Foodbourne Waterbourne
49
Blood Borne Pathogen Examples
HIV
50
Food and Water Borne Examples
Bacterial: Clostridium botulism Pathogenic micro: listeriosis, salmonellosis Water - fecal contamination: cholera, typhoid fever, e.coli.
51
Zootonic and vector borne example
Rabies, hantavirus, east equine encephalitis, lyme disease, west nile virus, zika
52
Healthcare acquired infections
MRSA, VRE, C. diff, CPE
53
Outbreak
When new cases exceed what is expected - limited to a localized increase in incidents (village, institution)
54
Epidemic
Similar to outbreak where cases exceed what is expected - can be large or small
55
Pandemic
When disease spreads to affect a large number in populations worldwide
56
Endemic
Steady presence in a defined population or region
57
Immunization
Primary Prevention - modify a susceptible host into a resistant host by introducing a substance that creates antibodies
58
Prophylaxis
Secondary Prevention - reduces the ability of the agent to multiply in a susceptible host
59
Active Surveillance
Using screening tools interviews, and sentinel systems (ex. WNV, COVID-19)
60
Passive Surveillance
When a notifiable CD is reported, contact tracing occurs
61
Prophylaxis/Screening/Treatment
ex. immunoprophylaxic agents to prevent illness from an infectious agent following an exposure
62
Sex Positivity
an attitude that celebrates sexuality as a part of life that can enhance happiness, bringing energy and celebration.
63
Harm reduction
Policies, programs, and practices that aim to minimize negative health, social, and legal impacts associate with certain practices.
64
Intersectionality theory
Emphasizes that the root causes of marginalization cannot be traced to one specific social location
65
Internalized Stigma
An individual’s acceptance of negative beliefs, views, and feelings towards the stigmatized group they belong to and oneself
66
Perceived Stigma
An individual’s awareness of negative societal attitudes, fear of discrimination, and feelings of shame.
67
Enacted Stigma
Encompasses overt acts of discrimination, such as exclusion or acts of physical or emotional abuse
68
Layered or Compounded Stigma
A person holding more than one stigmatized identity
69
Institutional or Structural Stigma
Stigmatization of a group of people through the implementation of policy and procedures
70
Stibbis
Testing for STIs - urine, blood, swab, visual Recommended every 3-6 months or anytime you have a new sexual partner
71
Stibbis - Viral
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Hepatitis C (HCV) Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Human Papillomarvirus (HPV)
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Stibbis - Parasitic
Trichomoniasis (Trich) Public Lice Scabies
73
Stibbus - Bacterial
Chlamydia Lymphogranuloma vereneum (LGV) Gonorrhea Mycoplasma Genitalium (MG)
74
Congenital Syphilis
Major health impacts on infants - stillbirth, deformed bones, miscarriage, prematurity, blindness
75
Immunization
protect people from disease by introducing a vaccine into the body that triggers an immune response, just as though you had been exposed to a disease naturally.
76
Types of Passive Immunity
Injected Maternal
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Types of Active Immunity
Innate Immunity (born with) Adaptive Immunity (antibodies produced)
78
Types of Active Vaccines
Replicating vaccines Live vaccines Contain weakened virus or bacteria to induce immunity Need fewer doses MMR, Varicella, MMRV, Rotavirus
79
Types of Active Vaccines
Non-Replicating vaccines Killed, engineered, protein, toxoid Takes longer to achieve protection, need more doses Boosters may be needed Tetanus, whooping cough, Hep B, HPV, Polio
80

YEAR 3 (14 decks)

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