NURS2720 class 2

Question 1

pharmacodynamics vs pharmacokinetics

Answer 1

codynamics = what the drug does to you
cokinetics = what your body does to the drug (kinetic - human body)

Question 2

what is the lock and key hypothesis?

Answer 2

key = drug
lock = receptor

Question 3

what is the dose response relationship?

Answer 3

relationship between the amount of drug we are riving and the response we will have

Question 4

what is the first phase of the dose response curve?

Answer 4

when the dose is too low to elicit a response

Question 5

what is the 2nd phase of the dose response curve?

Answer 5

when the dose and response increase

Question 6

what is the 3rd phase of the dose response curve?

Answer 6

when you are unable to elicit an increase in response - you plateau

Question 7

what is the therapeutic range?

Answer 7

therapeutic range is the concentration of drug you want in your body

Question 8

what is onset?

Answer 8

the time it takes for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response

Question 9

what is peak? (in pharmacodynamics - what the drug does to you)

Answer 9

the time for drug to reach maximum therapeutic response

Question 10

what is duration?

Answer 10

the time a drug concentration is sufficient enough to elicit a therapeutic response

Question 11

what does the dose response relationship (that between dose size and intensity of response) help us determine?

Answer 11

1. amount
2. max response
3. dosage increase necessary to produced desired response

Question 12

what is maximal efficacy?

Answer 12

the largest effect a drug can produce

Question 13

what is potency?

Answer 13

amount of drug we must give to elicit an effect (independent from max effic.)

Question 14

what is a receptor?

Answer 14

where drugs bind to produce their effect (receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters)

Question 15

what is affinity?

Answer 15

the strength of attraction for a receptor

Question 16

what is intrinsic ability?

Answer 16

ability of drug to activate receptor once it’s bound

Question 17

what is an agonist? what is its affinity and intrinsic activity?

Answer 17

an agonist is a drug that mimic’s the bodies own regulatory molecules, activating receptors

1. high affinity
2. high intrinsic activity

Question 18

what are partial agonists? what is its intrinsic activity?

Answer 18

a partial agonist produces a lower maximal response at full receptor occupancy
1. moderate intrinsic activity

Question 19

what is an antagonist? affinity/intrinsic activity?

Answer 19

antagonists are drugs that prevent activation of receptors - effects produced from blocking receptors from agonists

1. affinity
2. no intrinsic activity (bc it doesn’t activate a receptor, it blocks it)

Question 20

what is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive antagonists?

Answer 20

noncompetitive antagonists irreverisibly bind to a receptor site and cannot be overcome by increasing concentration, can only be overcome by formation of new receptors

Question 21

what makes up the acronym ADME?

Answer 21

Absorption,

Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

Question 22

which factors influence drug absorption?

Answer 22

1. rate of dissolution
2. surface area
3. blood flow
4. lipid solubility
5. pH partitioning
6. administration route

Question 23

when is absorption favored?

Answer 23

when the drug is in the nonionized and more lipophillic form

Question 24

what is AUC?

Answer 24

area under the curve - total exposure of body to drug

Question 25

what is Cmax?

Answer 25

maximal concentration achieved with dosage form

Question 26

what is tmax?

Answer 26

time at which maximal concentration is achieved

Question 27

what is bioavailability (F)?

Answer 27

the fraction of unchanged drug reaching the systemic circulation and eventually site of action after administration (%)

Question 28

what 3 factors influence distribution of drugs throughout the body?

Answer 28

1. BF to tissues 2. exiting extra vascular space 3. entering cells

Question 29

what is metabolism?

Answer 29

the biologic transformation of a drug into an: 1. inactive metabolite 2. more soluble compound 3. more potent metabolite - usually involves enzymes

Question 30

where does most drug metabolism occur?

Answer 30

in the liver and gut wall (but can also occur in lungs, kidneys and skin)

Question 31

what is the first pass effect?

Answer 31

some drugs have a high first pass effect which is when drugs are highly metabolized when they first pass through the liver, meaning a lot of the drug is eliminated before reaching systemic circulation 1. first pass effect is typically higher for an oral drug than the iv version(which is why oral dose is usually higher)

Question 32

what are substrates?

Answer 32

drugs metabolized by a CYP450 family

Question 33

what is an enzyme inhibitor?

Answer 33

drugs that prevent CYP450 from metabolizing other drugs

Question 34

what is an inducer?

Answer 34

drug that increases CYP450 enzyme to speed up drug metabolism

Question 35

what are the 3 ways of elimination of drugs from the body through the kidneys?

Answer 35

1. glomular filtration (blood to urine) 2. passive tubular reabsorption (lipid soluble, move back into blood) 3. active tubular secretion (blood to urine) via pumps

Question 36

what is first order elimination?

Answer 36

rate of elim is proportional to the amount of drug remaining in the system - half life

Question 37

after how many half lives are drugs considered to be effectively removed from the body?

Answer 37

5 half lifes

Question 38

what is a steady state?

Answer 38

when the amount of drug going in equals the amount of drug coming out

Question 39

what are the 4 major drug interactions?

Answer 39

1. drug-drug 2. drug-food 3. drug-disease 4. drug-laboratory

Question 40

what are the 5 immature pharmacokinetic responses in infants?

Answer 40

1. drug absorption 2. renal excretion 3. hepatic metabolism 4. protein binding 5. blood brain barrier

Question 41

what is creatine//normal rate?

Answer 41

creatine is found in urine, determines kidney function - if it is less than 60ml/min you will need to reduce dose and less frequent administration