Nursing 1220 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
What is a vesicle?
A
small blisters, fluid filled
2
Q
What is a pustule?
A
like a papule but pus - filled, ex. acne
3
Q
What is a wheal?
A
raised, flesh coloured or red, vary in size and shape, itchy, can indicate an allergy
4
Q
Define excoriation
A
lesion caused by scratching or excessive rubbing
5
Q
What is atopic dermatitis?
A
Also called eczema, itchy rash commonly found behind the knees or in the antecubital fossa, skin may feel thickened
6
Q
What is melasma?
A
Patches of pigmentation on the face, most commonly in darker skinned women during pregnancy
7
Q
What are mongolian spots?
A
Collection of melanocytes in deep tissue, gives a blueish-black shadow looking spot that can be mistaken for a bruise
8
Q
What is the Braden Scale?
A
A risk assessment scale for pressure ulcers
9
Q
What is food literacy?
A
Knowledge about various nutritional concepts ex. what are fats, proteins, carbs?
10
Q
What is food insecurity/deserts?
A
When individuals are not sure when their next meal will come
11
Q
What is the SCOFF questionnaire and what population would it be used for?
A
A questionnaire used to screen for eating disorders in adolescents (Sick, Control, One stone, Fat, Food)
12
Q
What is the best way to monitor fluid status?
A
Daily weights
13
Q
What is micturition?
A
the physiological process of getting urine together and excreting it from the body
14
Q
How would you measure the expected urine output for a patient? ex. if the patient weighs ~80kg
A
formula: 0.5ml/kg/hour
the expected output for this patient is 40ml/h
15
Q
What features would you be inspecting when looking at a urine sample?
A
Clarity, Odour, Volume, Sediment
16
Q
What is the most common bacterium causing UTI?
A
E. coli
17
Q
What are the 5 Ps in a sexual risk assessment?
A
Partners, practices, past history, protection, pregnancy
18
Q
What is meconium?
A
a greenish-black stool that is expected within the first day or 2 of life.
19
Q
Why might stool be yellow in colour?
A
Most commonly from C. diff infection
20
Q
What is leukoplakia?
A
thick, white patches on the tongue (associated with chewing tobacco, smoking, alcohol)
21
Q
What quadrant would you begin auscultating the abdomen in?
A
RLQ
22
Q
What is the correct order of assessment for GI/Abdominal assessments?
A
Inspection, Auscultation, Palpation, Percussion
23
Q
What are you feeling for when you palpate the abdomen?
A
Pain, distention, superficial masses
24
Q
what is delirium?
A
an acute state of confusion, that is reversible, and always has an underlying cause
25
What are some features of Lewy Body Dementia?
- 3rd most common form of dementia
- possible decreased attention and alertness
- may experience hallucinations
- progresses quickly
- collection of proteins in the nerve cells that block neuron messaging systems
26
What is RUDAS?
Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment scale
| a simple multicultural scale for detecting dementia
27
What is the CAGE questionnaire?
```
Questionnaire to detect alcoholism
Cut down (felt that you should)
Annoyed at others for criticizing your drinking
Guilty about drinking
Eye opener (drink in the morning)
```
28
What are the 3 types of stigma?
Structural, social, self
29
what are the 3 pillars of recovery?
Choice, Community, Integration
30
What brain structures are involved in the experience of fear and traumatic stress?
Hippocampus and amygdala
31
What does 'LIVES' stand for in intimate partner violence
```
Listen closely and with empathy
Inquire about needs and concerns
Validate their experiences
Enhance safety
Support them to connect with services
```
32
What is health equity?
Fair distribution of resources for health
33
What is harm reduction and give an example
A set of practical strategies that help people lesson the negative consequences of certain behaviours both physically and socially ex. birth control, safe injection sites
34
what are the 3 dimensions of a community?
the people, a place, a function
35
What is oliguria?
decreased ability to form urine
36
True or False: dementia is a normal process of aging.
False
37
What are some factors that can affect GI health/function?
age, pregnancy, stress, allergies, nutrition, fluid, medications, etc.
38
What is a hiatal hernia? what is the risk?
stomach herniates a little through the hiatus in the diaphragm making reflux of stomach contents easier. risk of aspiration
39
What is a black-coated tongue and what may it be caused by?
Bacterial overgrowth that attach to the papillae and cause discolouration. Causes: poor oral hygiene, tobacco use, too much coffee/tea
40
True or False: the LOC in patients with dementia is not affected
True. they are alert
41
What are some of the safety risks for someone with dementia?
hygiene, nutrition, medications, falls, fire, wandering, targeted scams, abuse, driving
42
Which populations would you be obligated to report abuse for?
Children, Elderly (in LTC or Retirement home)
| Not intimate partner violence - they would need to report it to the police
43
How can you teach health promotion for skin to your patient?
- Educate about features of benign moles
- Emphasize and explain steps of a skin self-exam
- Risk of sun/UV exposure "Seek, Slip, Slap, Slop"
44
What is vernix and is it something to be concerned about?
The sticky, white, "stuff" that babies are covered in when they are born. It is protective and normal. Can be rubbed into arms and legs for hydration.
45
True or False: someone with a fluid volume deficit may be hypertensive
False- hypotension
46
True or False: you may hear crackles in the lungs of a patient with a fluid volume overload
True
47
What is a secondary skin lesion?
a lesion that evolves from a primary lesion or are the consequence of some action ex. a scar is secondary to an incision
48
What are straiae? What population would you see them in?
Stretch marks, pregnant women typically
49
What are some factors that can lead to high water loss?
Vomiting, diarrhea, diaphoresis, fever, burns, medications, etc
50
What is rebound pain?
Pain is felt when pressure is released from the abdomen opposed to when it is applied
51
Why might stool appear black in colour?
upper GI bleed, iron supplements, beets
52
Pulsations in the epigastric region can be normal but large pulsations could be a sign of ________
abnormal aortic aneurysm
53
True or false: it is normal for elderly people to take longer to learn new information
true
54
What 2 characteristics are needed for there to be a diagnosis of Dementia?
Change in functioning and memory impairment.
| not just 1
55
What can the "I WATCH DEATH" acronym be used to assess?
Delirium- figure out the underlying cause and consequences
56
What is Pick's Disease? what type of dementia does it fall under?
Falls under Fronto-Temporal Dementia
it is a disease with age of onset in the 40s, changes in mood, impulsive behaviour, deterioration of social skills, language deterioration, personality changes
57
What are the 3 Ds of mental health?
Distress, disability, duration
58
What are some of the delayed responses to experiences of violence that you may discover in a patient?
Persistent fatigue, sleep disorders, nightmares, anxiety focused on flashbacks, depression, etc
59
What are the characteristics of Melanoma that you would look for?
```
Asymmetry
Border-irregular
Colour-variation in colour
Diameter-typically more than 6mm
Evolution-look for changes in size, colour, bleeding, itchiness
```
60
What are some signs of fluid volume deficit?
- impaired cognitive function
- fatigue, headaches
- dry skin, mucous membranes, poor skin turgor
- hypotension, tachycardia, increase pulse rate, weak pulse
- bloodwork: higher concentrations of electrolytes
- oliguria
61
what are some signs of fluid volume overload?
- dyspnea
- crackles in lungs
- fatigue
- large volumes in, small volumes out
- pitting edema in lower legs and ankles
- bloodwork: diluted/lower concentration of electrolytes
62
What is psoriasis? is it contagious?
rash usually on the elbows, white scales caused by excessive multiplication of skin cells, not contagious
63
What is nevus simplex? what population would you seen it in?
"stork bite", pink-red and flat, variable size, on the face or back of the neck, seen in infants, disappears by 18 months usually
64
How frequently should you reposition someone with a pressure ulcer or to prevent pressure ulcer formation?
Every 2 hours minimum
65
True or False: infants need a diet high in fat for growth and neurological development
true
66
What is an insensible loss?
losses that occur on top of urine and feces such as from the skin, lungs, and GI (between ~1000ml-1200ml/day of water)
67
What is anuria?
The inability to form urine
68
What are the 2 components of the peritoneum?
parietal - attached to the abdominal wall
| visceral- coats the organs
69
what is the function of the small bowel?
absorb nutrients
70
What is visceral pain?
pain directly related to the organ involved, pain is described as gnawing, burning, or cramping, poorly localized
71
what is parietal pain?
- inflammation of the peritoneum, pain is localized over involved structure, steady, aching or sharp with movement
- pain can usually be localized to one of the four quadrants
- patient usually in guarded position (keeping the muscles tight)
72
Why might stool appear clay coloured?
Mal-absorption, hepatitis, gallbladder disorders
73
What is a fissured tongue?
it is familial, fissures are of variable depth and extend laterally from the median groove
74
What are some atypical cognitive changes that occur and are not a normal sign of aging?
- dementia, memory loss of short term events, disorientation, tangentiality, lack of insight, impaired judgement
75
What is onychomycosis?
a fungal infection of the nail
76
In what conditions would an acute integumentary assessment be needed?
pressure ulcers, acute trauma and burns, acute dehydration, cyanosis or impaired skin integrity
77
When staging a pressure ulcer, which stage would an ulcer with exposed bone/tendion/muscle fall into?
stage 4
78
Is shingles a viral or bacterial infection?
viral - herpes zoster
79
which population is at highest risk for kaposi sarcoma?
patients that are HIV positive
80
What are the risk factors for a UTI?
incontinence, catheterization, hygiene, stasis of urine, intercourse, residual urine
81
Why can digestion be described as both a mechanical and chemical process?
Mechanical - chewing
| Chemical - stomach acid, bile, digestive enzymes
82
What is meconium ileus and what is it a sign of?
A bowel obstruction from meconium in newborns that occurs in the ileum. It is the 1st sign of cystic fibrosis
83
Why might stool appear green?
- green, blue, dark purple, or green foods. ex. blueberries
- food colouring
- vitamins w/ chlorophyll
- fast transit time
84
What abdominal structures fall in the midline?
bladder, uterus, prostate
85
How long would you auscultate the bowel sounds before declaring that there are absent bowel sounds?
5 minutes
86
True or False: impaired long term memory and ability to make decisions are normal cognitive changes in the elderly
False - these are intact
87
True of false: depression is not reversible in the elderly
False - it can be reversible
88
True or False: individuals with delirium will have a fluctuating LOC and impaired attention
True
89
What is a mini mental state exam used to screen for?
dementia
90
True or False: individuals with Vascular Dementia will experience problems with the blood brain barrier
True
91
What is the DSM-V used for?
to standardize assessment data and outcome to prevent indiscriminate diagnosis, helps get a broad understanding of the patient
92
True or false: active neglect is unintentional withholding of care or basic necessities
False, it is intentional and deliberate
93
What are patients with burns at risk of?
Acute dehydration
94
what are the 5 main factors that affect micturition?
Disease or disability, fluid balance, medication, pelvic floor muscle tone, psychological factors
95
What are the risk factors of weak pelvic floor muscle tone?
pregnancy, childbirth, heavy lifting, chronic constipation, obesity
96
How might psychological factors affect micturition?
increased urgency and/or frequency and retention of urine. Stasis of urine can lead to UTI
97
what is dysuria?
painful urination
98
what would thrush be treated with?
an anti-fungal
99
what is acute colonic pseudo obstruction? "Ogilvie's syndrome"
acute dilation of a portion of the colon causing obstruction with no mechanical cause.
100
what is a delusion?
a false, fixed belief based on an incorrect inference about reality. It is not shared by others and is inconsistent with the individual's intelligence or cultural background. it cannot be corrected by reasoning.
101
True or False: people with dementia are at an increased risk for developing delirium
True
102
what does MoCA stand for and what does it assess?
Montreal Cognitive Assessment for mild cognitive dysfunction
