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Medication > Nursing exam stage 1 > Flashcards

Nursing exam stage 1 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

How many nurses need to hear a telephone order?

A

Two, check facility policy whether it be RNs, RN & EN or 2 ENS

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2
Q

When must the doctor sign telephone order?

A

Within 24 hours

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3
Q

What do you do if patient refuses to take medication?

A

Write R where you would normally put your initials with a circle around it and document in progress report

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4
Q

What factors affect absorption of a drug?

A

Route of administration.

  • formulation eg- liquid, slow releases
  • absence or presence of food in stomach
  • high fat meals
  • gastric mobility
  • presences of enzymes and bile salts
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5
Q

What does PV mean?

A

Per vagina

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6
Q

Drugs are absorbed quickest when given by which route?

A

Sublingual, intravenous and inhaled drugs

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7
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

When the drug is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, enters the hepatic portal, where some or all the drug may be broken down, reducing the availability of drug for therapeutic use

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8
Q

Why must drug therapy be carefully monitored in the young and elderly?

A

Young, have smaller body size and immature liver, elderly have decreased liver and kidney function

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9
Q

What is meant by drug tolerance?

A

Patient has a decreased response over time. Patient than requires larger doses to produce same response

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10
Q

What is half life of drug

A

Time it takes for half the drug concentration to be eliminated by the body

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11
Q

What is antagonistic?

A

Prevents the binding of the drug with the receptor or binds to the receptor and prevents it from producing its effect

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12
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Agonist drugs have an attraction or affinity for a receptor and stimulates it. Drugs bind with the receptor to produce its effects

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13
Q

Onset action mean?

A

Time interval that starts when the drug is administered and ends when therapeutic effect actually begins

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14
Q

Why must a medication be administered sublingually?

A

Prevents destruction of drug in the stomach, bypasses first pass metabolism

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15
Q

What is affinity?

A

How well drug binds to receptor

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16
Q

What is specificity?

A

Ability of a drug to target a specific site

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17
Q

What is adverse reaction?

A

Harmful, undesirable effect

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18
Q

Cardiac output is calculated by…

A

Stroke volume x heart rate

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19
Q

What do the letters ACE represent?

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme

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20
Q

How is an ACE inhibitor recognised?

A

Drugs end with ‘pril’

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21
Q

What is a side effect of an ACE inhibitor?

A

Dry cough, hyperkalaemia, hypertension

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22
Q

Side effects for block angiotensin II receptors?

A

Hypotension, dizziness, headache, gastrointestinal disturbance

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23
Q

Name 2 actions of an ACE inhibitor?

A

Dilates blood vessels, reduce fluid reabsorption in the kidneys

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24
Q

ACE- principle of treatment

A

Dilates arteries
Reduce cardiac output
Reduce blood volume

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25
What does a Angiotensin II receptor blocker do?
- reduce aldosterone secretion, increasing sodium and water excretion - causes vasodilation
26
Examples of Angiotensin II receptor blockers?
ending with 'sartan'
27
Name 4 actions of beta blocker?
- slows heart rate - dilates blood vessels - block excess stimulation of the heart as it can't heart as hard - reduces oxygen demands of the heart
28
How is beta blocker recognised?
Drugs end in 'lol'
29
What is the side effect of beta blockers?
- bradycardia - heart blocks - blocked electrical activity - dizziness - postural hypotension - fatigue - tiredness - people may have less energy
30
Normal BP range?
100/60
31
High BP and low BP?
High- ^140/^90 | Low- under 100/ 60
32
Nursing considerations for BETA blockers?
Monitor HR and BP - Postural hypotension may be aggravated by prolonged standing, hot environment - ask patient to report dizziness
33
How do diuretics work?
Inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and chloride which increase water excretion through increase urine output
34
Side effects of diuretics?
Dehydration, hypokalemia, hypotension
35
Diuretic is prescribed bc at what times should it be taken and why?
08.00 and 12.00. To avoid nocturia
36
Clinical consideration for Diuretics?
Monitor fluid and electrolyte status- daily weight U &he - observe for signs of dehydration - K+ replacement maybe needed with frusemide
37
What type of drug is a statin?
Lipid lowering medication
38
How do statins work?
Statins work by reducing the production of cholesterol in the liver
39
When should statins be administered?
At night
40
Side effects of statins?
- constipation - diarrhoea - flatulence
41
Clinical consideration for statin
- cholesterol levels and liver function levels regularly monitored - avoid large quantities of grapefruit juice
42
What type of medication is heparin?
Anti coagulant
43
What test is used to monitor effectiveness of heparin?
APTT Activated prothromboplastin time Normal 26-39 secs Therapeutic on heparin 50-90 secs
44
Action of heparin?
Heparin prevents temporary clots converting to permanent clots - slows the body's clotting time
45
Administration of heparin?
S/C or IV or infusion- not absorbed orally
46
What is the action of Warfarin?
Warfarin inhibits liver production of various clotting factors - reduces ability of the blood to clot - it stops the production of new protein clotting factors but does not affect those already in the blood - takes 2-3 days to be effective
47
Dose time warfarin is taken
8pm before next morning's INR level
48
Warfarin monitoring
INR- international normalised ratio - higher the INR the longer it takes for blood to clot - normal : 1.0-1.3 - therapeutic range: 2.0-4.0
49
Adverse effects
- haemorrhage - rash - fever - jaundice
50
Patient eduction
- illness may change effect of warfarin- inform doctor - tell doctor or dentist well before any planned procedure or surgery - spinach affects warfarin levels
51
Action of Asprin?
Inhibits platelet stickiness & clumping to reduce risk of clot formation
52
Can paracetamol and NSAID be given together?
Yes, they are different classes of drug- different mechanisms of action
53
What is anti tussive
Vought suppressant
54
How does anti tussive work
Interrupts cough reflex in brain
55
What does expectorant do
Stimulate mucus secretion in dry irritated areas of respiratory tract
56
How does decongestant work
Causes vasoconstriction in mucous membrane to reduce swelling
57
What does anti histamine do
Blocks the effects of histamine ( airway swelling, sneezing, throat irritation, rash)
58
What condition might we give anti histamine
Allergies, rash and hayfever
59
Heart rate
Normal- 60-100 BPM, regular rhythm - measured as pulse - the number of times the heart beats each minute
60
Stroke volume
Average volume 60-80mls per beat - the amount of blood pumped by ventricles per beat
61
Cardiac output
Measured as L/min Normal: 3.5-5 L/min - the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 min
62
2 ways to alter stroke volume and therefore alter cardiac output
Starling's law and Inotropic effect
63
Starling's law
- more blood in = more blood out - the greater the stretch, the stronger the force of contraction - the more you fill the ventricle with blood the greater it will bounce back
64
Inotropic effect
Increases stroke volume by strengthening the force of myocardial contraction - this is called a positive Inotropic effect - the stronger the squeeze, greater the outflow
65
Why should you be careful when giving extra oxygen to a patient with COPD
If patients with COPD are given extra 02 the usual stimulus to breathe ( hypoxic drive) can be depressed leading to hypo ventilation and respiratory failure
66
What does salbutamol do
Relaxes the smooth muscles of airways
67
2 side effects of salbutamol
Tachycardia and muscle tremour
68
Why is it important that the patient knows the difference between a reliever and preventer
So they use the right puffer in an acute episode of asthma/SOB
69
How do corticosteroids aid in treating respiratory conditions
Reduces inflammation in the lungs
70
Why should a patient rinse their mouth after using an inhaled steroid
To avoid oropharyngeal candidiasis and systemic absorption
71
Why is it important to know if patient is taking and complementary medication
It may interact with medications that are prescribed for patient
72
Action of PPI
Inhibits proton production | Lowers HCI production
73
Drug and poison schedule
Schedule 1- traditional Chinese herbs Schedule 2- pharmacy medicine Schedule 3- pharmacy only medicine: available without prescription Schedule 4- prescription only medicine: ordered by a doctor and available from pharmacy with prescription Schedule 8- controlled substance: available by prescription but supply restricted to reduce dependence

Medication (1 decks)

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