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Nursing Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What 7 factors are included in “Patient Signalment”?

A

Breed, Species, Age, Gender, Reproductive status, colors, distinctive markings

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2
Q

What is the normal range for HR in a dog?

A

Dog: 70-160 bpm

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3
Q

What is the normal range for HR in a cat?

A

Cat: 150-210 bpm

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4
Q

What is the normal range for RR in a dog and cat?(both the same)

A

15-30 rpm for both

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5
Q

What is the appropriate method for correcting a written error on a medical document?

A

Using pen, scratch one line through the mistake, followed by your initials and the date, and if possible a witness as well.

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6
Q

What is the normal CRT for a dog and cat?

A

Less than 2 seconds

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7
Q

Who has legal access to a patient’s medical file?

A

The primary owner on file

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8
Q

What does CRT stand for, and why are we checking this?

A

Capillary Refill Time - a way to assess blood flow to extremities (Tissue perfusion)

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9
Q

What are the 5 vitals we assess on every patient?

A

1) Temp
2) HR
3) RR
4) CRT
5) MM

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10
Q

What is the normal temperature range for a dog?

A

Dog: 37.5-39 degrees C

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11
Q

What is the normal temperature range for a cat?

A

Cat: 38 - 39 degrees C

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12
Q

What are the 5 colours of mucous membranes, and what does each indicate?

A

1) White - Anemia, Hypothermia, pain
2) Pink - Normal perfusion
3) Brick red - Hypervolemia, shock, toxicity
4) Yellow - Jaundice - liver damage
5) Blue - Cyanotic - no oxygen

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13
Q

How do we assess the hydration status in a patient?

A

1) Skin turgor - tenting the skin, assess how long it takes to return to normal
2) Mucous membrane moisture - should be slick to the touch

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14
Q

3 reasons why we vaccinate animals?

A

1) To protect public - zoonotic disease
2) To treat or prevent disease
3) To lessen severity of disease and/or duration of disease

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15
Q

What are the 3 types of vaccine technology we use in veterinary medicine?

A

1) Modified Live Vaccine (MLV) – virus or bacteria has been altered or weakened so it cannot cause clinical disease

2) Killed Vaccines (KV) – virus or bacteria has been killed, rendered harmless

3) Recombinant Vaccine (RV) – A small portion of virus or bacterial DNA is removed and implanted into a benign host

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16
Q

What are 2 common vaccine side effects?

A

Side effects that are expected because the immune system is mounting a response to the vx
1) mild pain at the injection site
2) mild lethargy, both resolving in 24h

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17
Q

Explain why there are common vaccine side effects and how they differ from adverse reactions.

A

Side effects that are expected, the immune system is mounting a response to the vx
&
Adverse reactions are reactions that last longer and are more severe than the expected immune response.

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18
Q

What are 7 Adverse vaccine reactions?

A

Adverse reactions
- Reaction lasts longer and is more severe than expected immune response
1) anaphylaxis
2) Hives
3) Itching
4) swelling
5) vomiting
6) diarrhea
7) ongoing pain and lethargy beyond 24h

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19
Q

What is the purpose of antibody titer testing?

A

To assess antibody levels in a patient - see if there are enough antibodies against a pathogen for the patient to be considered protected

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20
Q

What are the 5 rights of medication?

A

1- Right patient
2- Right drug
3 - Right dose
4 - Right route
5 - Right time

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21
Q

What does the S in SOAP stand for, what is an example?

A

Subjective – chief complaint, history of illness, history, current meds, allergies

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22
Q

What does the SOAP stand for?

A

S - Subjective
O - Objective
A - Assesment
P - Plan

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23
Q

What does the O in SOAP stand for, what is an example?

A

Objective – vital signs, PE findings, diagnostics

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24
Q

What does the A stand for in SOAP, what is an example?

A

Assessment – problem, rule outs

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25
What does the P stand for in SOAP, what is an example?
Plan – details needed for further testing and consultation
26
What are 7 questions to ask an owner when booking a vaccine appointment?
1) Are they on any parasite control? 2) Any vomiting or diarrhea? 3) Any coughing or sneezing? 4) Eating and drinking normally? 5) Normal energy levels 6) Have they reacted to any vaccines in the past? 7) Are their records up to date here?
27
How does wound contamination differ from wound infection?
Contamination - microorganisms loosely attached to the wound Infection - microorganisms multiply, bind to tissue, and illicit an immune response
28
Define wound Contamination
Microorganisms loosely attached to the wound
29
Define wound infection
Microorganisms multiply, bind to tissue, and illicit an immune response
30
What are the 4 wound categories, with an example of each?
1) Clean – surgical incisions 2) Clean/contaminated – surgical wounds with minor breaks in aseptic technique 3) Contaminated – fresh traumatic injuries, fractures, penetrating wounds 4) Dirty – grossly contaminated, abscess, necrosis, older than 4h
31
Briefly describe the 4 phases of wound healing Phase 1- Hemostasis Phase 2 - Inflammatory Phase 3 - Proliferative stage Phase 4 - Maturation
Phase 1) Hemostasis: stop the bleeding Phase 2) Inflammatory –Begins immediately and lasts 3-5 days, the wound is weakest, clotting, and debridement (via macrophages) Phase 3) Proliferative stage – begins after 2-3 days, wound is rebuilt with collagen, epithelialization, granulation, wound contracts Phase 4) Maturation – begins at week 3, lasts for months, remodeling of collagen fibers, wound fully closes and gains maximum strength
32
What are the 4 phases of wound healing
Phase 1- Hemostasis Phase 2 - Inflammatory Phase 3 - Proliferative stage Phase 4 - Maturation
33
2 types of wounds and 2 potential causes
1) Acute wounds - Surgical incisions, blunt trauma, bite wounds, burns, gunshots, and avulsion injuries. 2) Chronic wounds - Determined by underlying pathology, may take months or years to heal completely - pressure sores, diabetic ulcers and vascular ulcers
34
What 5 factors effect wound healing?
1) Age 2) Disease 3) Nutrition 4) Degree of contamination 5) length of time it’s been open 6) Concurrent treatments - Chemotherapy, Steroids
35
What 5 items would you find in a first aid kit?
1) Bandages 2) Gauze 3) Scissors 4) Gloves 5)Tape 6) Antiseptic wipes 7) Blankets 8) Tongue depressors
36
What are 5 questions to ask an owner who’s dog is vomiting?
1) When did it start? 2) Could they have gotten into something? 3) How often are they vomiting? 4) What does the vomit look like? Bile or food? 5) Energy level? 6) Up to date on vaccines? 7) Parasite control? 8) Eating/drinking?
37
38
In terms of emergency medicine, what does “ABC” stand for?
Airway Breathing Circulation
38
What does “Triage” mean?
Sorting patients by the severity of their condition - in order of most life-threatening to least
39
What is a “Crash Cart”?
A mobile unit stocked with all emergency supplies and drugs
40
What are 5 questions to ask an owner with a constipated cat?
1) When was the last normal bowel movement? 2) Is there any urine in the litterbox? 3) Eating/drinking? 4) Licking at genital area? 5) Any history of either constipation or urinary issues? 6) Gender and age of cat
41
7 points for How you would advise an owner to monitor a bandage at home?
1) Recheck if pet starts licking or chewing at it 2) Check for toe swelling if the toes are left out 3) Cover before going outside 4) Recheck if the bandage gets dirty or wet 5) Recheck if any odour 6) Do not try to replace bandage themselves 7) Always call if they have any questions
42
If a pet has ingested a toxicity, what 6 questions would you ask the owner?
1) Species and age of the animal 2) Toxic agent ( if known) 3) Amount ingested and strength if a medication 4) How long ago ingested 5) Rough weight of the animal. 6) Symptoms animal is displaying Any other underlying illness or medications
43
What are 6-12 common toxicities that can be found in or around the home?
1) Chocolate 2) Grapes/raisins 3) THC products 4) NSAID’s 5) Xylitol 6) Raw dough 7) Caffeine 8) Nicotine 9) Lilies 10) owner medications 11) Anti-freeze 12) Permethrins
44
When a cat becomes blocked, they are unable to void waste products from their body. One electrolyte builds up to toxic levels, causing death. What is it? which organ does it affect?
Potassium - affects the heart - elevations can cause cardiac arrest
45
4 reasons why nutrition is so important for sick patients?
1) Immune system function 2) Tissue synthesis for healing 3) GI function 4) Regulating physiological function
46
List the 4 methods of delivering enteral nutrition
1) Naso-esophageal 2) Esophagostomy 3) Gastronomy 4) Jejunostomy
47
What is refeeding syndrome and how can we avoid it?
- Feeding food to quickly can cause organ shut down, leading to death. Avoided by -Introduceing small volumes of food slowly (4-6 small meals – 25% of cals on day 1, gradually increasing until day 4-5 when all daily calories are offered)
48
Dystocia means?
Difficulty giving birth
49
What is the purpose of Oxytocin?
Stimulates uterine contractions
49
What does Eclampsia mean?
Low calcium levels
50
What are the 4 routes of fluid therapy?
1) IV 2) IO 3) SQ 4) IP
50
What 8 questions should you ask an owner with a pet in dystocia?
1) What is the female doing now? 2) What concerns prompted the owner to call? 3) What is the age and breed of the female? 4) What is the breed of the male who bred with her? 5) Is the due date known? 6) Does the owner know how many puppies/kittens exist? 7) Have any fetuses been delivered? 8) Is the female actively pushing?
51
What are the 2 Core vaccines for dogs?
Rabies, DA2PP
51
Briefly describe the 3 stages of parturition
Stage 1) Animal becomes restless/ nesting behaviour/ may go off food/ temp drops by 1 degree Stage 2) Active uterine contractions/ dilation of cervix Stage 3) Expulsion of the fetus and amniotic sac
52
List the 4 stages of the ovarian cycle
1) Proestrus 2) Estrus 3) Diestrus 4) Anestrus
53
What are the 2 core vaccines for cats?
Rabies, FVRCP
53
What are the 3 non-core vaccines for dogs?
Bordetella, Lyme, Lepto
53
What is the non-core vaccine for cats?
FeLV
54
Why do we dry ears after a cleaning, before instilling medication?
Some cleaners can inactivate the medication
55
When giving eye drops AND eye ointments, which needs to be administered first, and how long do you separate each medication?
Eye drops go in first so they can fully absorb, wait 5 minutes before applying the ointment
56
Patient is a 65 lb Labrador retriever that requires 0.1 mg/kg of meloxicam (0.5mg/ml) SID How many mL should it receive?
Step 1 - convert lb to kg 65 lbs ÷ 2.2 = 29.5 kg * 29.5 kg x 0.1 mg/kg = 2.95 mg * 29.5 kg x 0.1 mg/kg = 2.95 mg * 2.95 mg ÷ 0.5 mg/mL = 5.91 mL * 2.95 mg ÷ 0.5 mg/mL = 5.91 mL the patient should receive 5.9ml SID for the recommended length of time
57
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