NUTR 407 FINAL EXAM Flashcards
(62 cards)
What macronutrient do you need to work with as a Type II Diabetic?
Carbohydrates (high carbohydrate, low-fat diet)
Younger athletes: what do they need?
Higher energy requirements per kg of body mass
Lower glycolytic capacity
Higher oxidative capacity
Higher rates of fat oxidation
LESS protein than older athletes
Older athletes: what do they need?
Loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia, losses in strength, power, and endurance)
Protein synthesis is lower as well as per gram of protein in the diet
Protein synthesis is stimulated less (protein intakes of older athletes should be higher than those for younger athletes)
What is the biggest threat to the health of young athletes?
Inappropriate weight control (eating disorder/impaired growth and development)
Nutritional supplementation is not necessary and not recommended for young athletes
Training low: what and why?
2-session low carb: Intake of carbs between exercise sessions (usually done on the same day) is restricted
The first training session will lower muscle glycogen so that the second session is performed in a glycogen-depleted state
May increase the expression of genes relevant to training adaptation
Training fasted: Training is performed after an overnight fast
Muscle glycogen may be normal or high, but liver glycogen is low
Training with low exogenous carbohydrate: No or only very little carbohydrate is ingested during prolonged exercise
This may exaggerate the stress response
Low carbohydrate availability during recovery: No or only very little carbohydrate is ingested post-exercise
This may prolong the stress response
Sleep low: Train late in the day and go to bed with restricted carbohydrate intake before
Low-carbohydrate, high-fat ketogenic diets: Training while on low-carb leads to chronically low glycogen stores
Training in a dehydrated state: Training with no fluid or limited fluid intake to allow dehydration to develop
Training high: what and why?
To train with high muscle and liver glycogen (carbohydrate intake is high before training and there is a focus on glycogen replenishment post-exercise)
Limitations of laboratory studies?
Do not translate very well to real-life situations (sometimes conducted in heat chambers, many studies are conducted with the participants in a fast state which is unlikely to reflect a competition situation)
Turning nutrient recommendations into foods
People eat foods, not grams of macros (our job is to translate how much of a certain food must be eaten to get recommended of a nutrient)
- Perform well in a long race? Take on sufficient carbohydrate before and during exercise
- Enhance muscle fat oxidation? Train in a fasted state with limited carbohydrate intake during training
- Develop aerobic capacity during preseason? The use of antioxidants will be discouraged
Factors when considering a personalized nutrition plan for someone?
- Rules (restrictions may vary by sport)
- Phenotype, genotype, sex, age, goals, athletes in different positions in the same sport that may have different preferences and tolerances
Most effective course in preventing eating disorders in athletes?
Education of the athletes (on what a balanced meal is and a normal pattern of eating)
What is the main issue when an athlete develops an eating disorder?
Can have detrimental effects on sports performance and damaging long-lasting effects on the health of the individual
Most impactful thing related to eating disorders?
Early diagnosis is vital because eating disorders are more difficult to treat the longer they progress (managing depression is the immediate concern because it is the most life-threatening)
What eating disorder is not higher in athletes than in the general population?
Anorexia nervosa
Is there a higher population of eating disorders in athletes?
Yes (higher among female athletes), aesthetic sports such as gymnasts and dance
What is anorexia?
Abnormally small food intake and inability to maintain normal body weight (distorted view of body image, an intense fear of being fat/overweight and gaining weight, feeling fat even when at least 15% below normal weight)
What is orthorexia?
Extreme concern about eating a healthy diet (more frequent among men than women)
Which type of athlete participates in anorexia and orthorexia?
Aesthetic sports or weight-dependent sports (gymnasts and dance)
Which type of athlete participates in bigorexia?
10% of athletes involved in bodybuilding (unhealthy preoccupation with increasing their muscle mass while decreasing their fat mass to look lean and toned)
What is the eating disorder that most athletes participate in?
Orthorexia
What portion of the general population is affected by orthorexia?
7% of the general population
When was Binge Eating Disorder entered into the DSM?
2013 (one of the newer accepted eating disorders)
Anorexia: Criteria for diagnosis?
Weight loss beyond that normally required for adequate sports performance
Amenorrhea or some other menstrual dysfunction
Dehydration
High level of fatigue (beyond that normally expected)
Gastrointestinal problems (e.g., constipation, diarrhea)
Hyperactivity
Hypothermia (lower than normal body temperature)
Low resting heart rate
Muscle weakness
Susceptible to overuse injuries
Reduced bone mineral density and susceptibility to stress
fractures
Frequent infections, skin sores, and poor wound healing
Low blood hemoglobin and hematocrit
Low serum albumin, serum ferritin, glucose, HDL cholesterol, and estradiol levels
General anxiety
Avoidance of eating and absence from meal situations
Claims of being fat or feeling fat despite being thin and underweight
Resistance to recommendations for weight gain
Unusual weighing behaviors (e.g., excessive weighing, avoidance of weighing, negative reaction to being weighed, or refusal to be weighed)
Social withdrawal
Excessive training beyond that required for a particular sport or exercising while injured or when prohibited by coaching and medical staff
Obsessed with body image and compulsive behaviors regarding eating and physical activity
Restlessness and inability or unwillingness to relax
Depression
Tiredness and irritability
Insomnia (difficulty with sleeping)
Bulimia Nervosa: Criteria for diagnosis?
Callus, sores, or abrasions on fingers or back of hand used to induce vomiting
Dehydration
Dental or gum problems
Edema, complaints of bloating, or both
Serum electrolyte abnormalities
Gastrointestinal problems
Low weight despite apparent large intake of food
Frequent and often extreme weight fluctuations
Muscle cramps, muscle weakness, or both
Swollen parotid salivary glands
Menstrual irregularities in females
Binge eating
Secretive eating and agitation when bingeing are interrupted
Disappearing after eating meals
Evidence of vomiting unrelated to illness
Dieting
Excessive exercise beyond that required for the athlete’s sport
Depression
Self-critical, especially concerning body image, body weight, and sports performance
Substance abuse
Use of laxatives, diuretics, or both that are sanctioned by medical or coaching support staff
EDNOS: Criteria for diagnosis?
People who do not meet the criteria for anorexia or bulimia nervosa are classified as having an EDNOS
May meet all of the criteria for anorexia nervosa except that the current body weight is within the normal range
Meet all of the criteria for bulimia nervosa except that binging and purging concur less frequently than at least once per week
Inappropriate purging behavior after eating small amounts of food
Repeatedly chewing large amounts of food and spitting them out rather than swallowing
