Nutrient Measurements

Question 1

What are Nutrient Reference Values (NRVs)?

Answer 1

Evidence-based benchmarks to assess dietary adequacy for individuals and populations.

Question 2

What are the uses of NRVs?

Answer 2

Planning, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating nutrition programs and policies; assessing individual nutrient adequacy.

Question 3

What does EAR stand for?

Answer 3

Estimated Average Requirement.

Question 4

What does EAR represent?

Answer 4

Meets the nutrient needs of 50% of healthy individuals in a specific life stage and gender.

Question 5

What does RDI stand for?

Answer 5

Recommended Dietary Intake.

Question 6

What does RDI represent?

Answer 6

Meets the nutrient needs of 97-98% of healthy individuals.

Question 7

What does AI stand for?

Answer 7

Adequate Intake.

Question 8

When is AI used?

Answer 8

When EAR/RDI cannot be determined, common for infants or when data is insufficient.

Question 9

What does UL stand for?

Answer 9

Upper Limit.

Question 10

What does UL represent?

Answer 10

The maximum daily intake without adverse health effects in the general population.

Question 11

What does SDT stand for?

Answer 11

Suggested Dietary Target.

Question 12

What is the purpose of SDT?

Answer 12

Used for nutrients like dietary fibre, folate, Vitamin A, C, E, and sodium, with chronic disease reduction properties.

Question 13

What does AMDR stand for?

Answer 13

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range.

Question 14

What is the macronutrient distribution in AMDR?

Answer 14

CHO: 45-65%, Protein: 15-25%, Fats: 20-35%, Saturated & Trans fats: <10% (trans fats <1%).

Question 15

What does EER stand for?

Answer 15

Estimated Energy Requirement.

Question 16

What does EER represent?

Answer 16

Average energy intake to maintain energy balance by life stage and gender.

Question 17

How are NRVs applied in population surveys?

Answer 17

EAR/AI benchmarks are used to assess deficiencies.

Question 18

How are NRVs applied in individual monitoring?

Answer 18

RDI/AI ensures deficiencies are unlikely.

Question 19

What is the Glycemic Index (GI)?

Answer 19

Ranks food based on blood glucose response.

Question 20

What is the Glycemic Load (GL)?

Answer 20

Considers the quantity of CHO in a serving.

Question 21

What are high GL foods linked to?

Answer 21

Linked to diabetes risk due to insulin impact.

Question 22

How can maintaining a low glycaemic load affect health?

Answer 22

Maintaining a low glycaemic load can help reduce risks of insulin resistance and diabetes.

Question 23

What are the components of Nutritional Assessment?

Answer 23

A, B, C, D, E

Question 24

What does Anthropometric assessment include?

Answer 24

Body measurements: BMI, WC, WHR.

Methods: Growth charts, skinfold calipers, bioelectrical impedance, DEXA, Bod Pod. Applications: Chronic disease risk, growth tracking.

Question 25

What is **B**iochemical assessment?

Answer 25

Lab tests to assess nutrient levels, metabolism, and pathology.

Question 26

What does **C**linical assessment involve?

Answer 26

Overt physical signs (e.g., hair, nails, tongue). Symptoms: e.g., bloating, appetite issues. Health history: genetic risks, medical conditions.

Question 27

What are the types of **D**ietary assessment?

Answer 27

Retrospective: 24-hour recall, FFQ (qualitative/quantitative analysis, memory-dependent). Prospective: Food diaries (3-day, app-based, more accurate but burdensome).

Question 28

What is the formula for Energy Expenditure (EER)?

Answer 28

EER = BMR + PAL + TEF. ## Footnote Basal metabolic rate + Physical activity level + Thermic effect of food

Question 29

What is PAL in the context of Energy Balance?

Answer 29

Physical Activity Level: Most modifiable; increases energy/nutrient requirements.

Question 30

What influences BMR? ## Footnote Basel metabolic rate

Answer 30

Body size, lean muscle, growth, illness, prolonged fasting, substances (e.g., caffeine, steroids).

Question 31

What defines Positive and Negative Energy Balance?

Answer 31

Positive: Intake > expenditure. Negative: Expenditure > intake.

Question 32

What are Primary and Secondary Nutritional Imbalances?

Answer 32

Primary: Dietary intake deficiencies/excesses. Secondary: Issues with absorption, metabolism, storage, or excretion.

Question 33

What is the progression of Nutritional Imbalances?

Answer 33

Covert (hidden) → Overt (visible symptoms).

Question 35

What is included in the Ecological factors of nutritional assessment?

Answer 35

Occupation, income, education, food access, cultural influences.

Question 36

What is Basal Metabolic Rate affected by?

Answer 36

Body size, Lean muscle tissue, Growth, Illness and infection, Prolonged fasting or starvation, Some drugs and other substances (e.g. steroids and caffeine)