Nutrients Flashcards
What are the macro nutrients and micro nutrients
1- cho- lipid and proteins
2- minerals and vitamins
Functions of cho
1- source of energy ,1gm ~> 4 kcal
2- sparing protein buring for energy production
3- dietary fibers which are
• soluble fibers ( white apple 🍎, pectins and beans)
~ – serum level of cholesterol as it absorbes bile acids so the liver consumes more cholesterol to form bile acids
~ promote normal level of glucose in blood
~ enhance the body use of insulin in insulin resistance syndrome
• insoluble fibers ( skin of apple 🍎, cellulose)
~ absorbes water 10:15 times its normal volume to give bulk to the food
~ satiating action
~ increase motality ~> prevents constipation
~> – absorption of toxins and carcinogens of colon
Disorders of excess cho intake
1- obesity
2- dental caries
3- + insulin output
• + TAG ~> fat deposition and atherosclerosis
• + tendency of blood to clot
• more rapid return to hunger pains after big meal
Types of fatty acid
1- saturated : solid in room temp eg coconut oil and palm oil and animal fats
2- un saturated: liquid in room temp eg vegetable oil and olive oil and cotton seed oil
1- essential: body cannot form them as linoleic and linolenic and archaidonic acid
2- non essential : body can form them
Functions of lipid
1- source of energy , 1gm ~> 9 kcal
2- sparing protein burning if cho is deficient
3- sources of essential fatty acids
4- insulate and control body temp
5- add flavour to food
6- provide fat soluble vitamins
7- protect body organs by cushioning
8- provide structural components like cell membrane
9- omega 3 which unsaturated f.a found in fish oil that 1- - arterial stifness 2- - risk of cancer
3- - inflammation 4- - clotting time of blood
5- + HDL
Effects of excess fat intake
1- obesity ,body over weight
2- + LDL ~> atherosclerosis
3- diabetes mellitus and gall blader stones
4- repeated frying vegetable oil ~> transform to saturated and this can risk to cancer
5- margarine: trans fa ( hydrogenated saturated vegetable oil) which + ldl and - HDL and has no cholesterol however butter has cholesterol and + LDL AND HDL
Types of amino acid
1- essential body cannot synthesis it and take it in diet
2- non essential: body can synthesize it
Types of protein
1- complete protein
• contain all essential a.a
• eg meat and fish and milk
2- incomplete protein
• contain some non essential and essential but not all of them
• eg cereals ,beanuts and legumes
Protein recuirement daily
1- adults = 0.8 gm / kg
2- pregnant : 1,3 -1,5 gm/ kg
3-neonate- child = 2-3 gm / kg
3- lactating = 3 gm/ kg
Functions of protein
1- source of energy, 1 gm ~> 4 kcal
2- provide essential components like hormones and ig and immune cell and enzymes
3- body building and growth
4- regulation of fluid movement of blood due to osmotic pressure
5- regulation of acid base balance
Deficiency of protein
1- growth retardation in children
2- nutritional edema
3- total muscle weakness and poor wound healing
4- impaired immunity and more susbitabitiy to infection
5- apathy and depression
Talik about vitamins and minerals
Vitamins are separated to
1- water soluble eg : C and A
2- fat soluble eg :A D E K
MINERALS ARE SEPARATED TO
1- major minerals: above 100 mg intake eg NA CL K Mg Ca P S
2- trance elements: below 100 mg intake eg iron
Zinc and iodine
A health diet must be ….
Adequate
Balanced
What malnutrition
It is the state of body in which there is less intake ( under nutrition) or high intake ( over nutrition) than body needs
Kwashiorkor and marasmus comparing
Kwashiorkor: resulting from deficiency of protein
Signs and symptoms
1- swollen abdomen
2- sparse hair
3- moon face with little surrounding
4- foot odema
5- fatty liver
6- ribs are not prominent
Marasmus : deficiency of both protein and energy
Signs and symptoms
1- normal hair
2- very underweight body
3- thin limb within low fat and muscles
4- old man or wizened appearance
5- no fatty liver
6- ribs are prominent
