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Biology Test Review 2 > Nutrients > Flashcards

Nutrients Flashcards

0
Q

What are enzymes made of?

A

Usually made of proteins

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1
Q

What to enzymes do?

A

Speeds up chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

Where and when do enzymes work best?

A

Where: WHEREVER THERE IS LIFE

human saliva - breaks starch into their component sugars. While the stomach combines pepsin with acid to speed the digestion of proteins.
- enzymes are carried to the intestines to facilitate the digestion of fats

When: usually @ body temp = neutral pH conditions

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3
Q

What is a substrate?

A

-The reactants bind to the enzyme until the reaction is complete. These reactants are called substrates.

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4
Q

Where is the Activation sight?

A
  • Inside the enzyme

- this is where substrates (reactants) bind to enzyme

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5
Q

Do enzymes get used up?

A

Never!

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6
Q

Explain the role of Catalase

A
  • catalase is an enzyme that fights / breaks down hydrogen peroxide (poison)
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7
Q

What type of macromolecule is a monosaccharide?

A

-a simple carbohydrate

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8
Q

What is another name for monosaccharide/ simple carbohydrate

A

Glucose

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9
Q

What is the function of glucose?

A

To give quick energy

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10
Q

What is an example of glucose (simple carb.)

A

-Candy bar

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11
Q

What do you get when you put many monosaccharides together?

A

-polysaccharide

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12
Q

Which macromolecule is the main source of energy for life on the planet?

A

-Carbohydrates

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13
Q

Name the 3 Macromolecules that are also nutrients -their Subunits-their Functions-and examples.

A

Protein: SUBUNIT: amino acids. FXN: Build/ repair structures, makes up enzymes
EX’S: (complete) : nuts, beans, rice, corn
( incomplete) meat, chicken, eggs, fish

Fats: SUBUNIT: fatty acids FXN: stores energy, maintains homeostasis, makes up cell membrane
EX’S: saturated fat- solid @ room temp ~ butter/ lard. Unsaturated fat- liquid @ room temp ~ oils

Carbohydrates: subunit: FXN: energy
EX’S: pasta, rice, potato (complex) , glucose (simple)

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14
Q

What is a nutrient?

A
  • used for maintaining homeostasis

- energy, growth, repair

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15
Q

What does it mean to be “Organic”?

A

All natural & has carbon with hydrogen

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16
Q

What is the difference between a fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamin? Examples?

A

Fat soluble -> CAN be stored
Examples- vitamin A,D,EK

h2o solubles-> can NOT be stored
Examples- vitamin C & B complex

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17
Q

Name the 6 Nutrients-their functions-and examples

A
  1. Carbohydrates - give energy (#1 source)
  2. Protein- build/repair structures, make up enzymes
  3. Fat- stores energy, maintains homeostasis, makes up cell membrane
  4. Water (h20) -hydrate, maintains toxin removal and metabolism, transports nutrients, center of life
  5. Minerals- builds bones, gives energy, helps nerve and muscle function & immune health
  6. Vitamins- regulate body functions
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18
Q

What is the monomer of a Protein?

A

Amino acids

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19
Q

What are Essential Amino Acids?

A

Their are 8 essential amino acids that must be obtained through diet

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20
Q

Which type of Cholesterol is good? (And where do you find it?)

A

HDL cholesterol = :) because it clears arteries

Where- exercise, alcohol, olive oil

21
Q

What is the most dangerous type of fat? (And where do you find it?)

A

Saturated fat

Found in solids @ room temp such as butter or lard

22
Q

Explain the “forgotten mineral” .

A
  • The forgotten mineral is magnesium because it is so often overlooked.
  • It helps maintain healthy muscle and nerve function, supports the immune system, keeps bones strong, and aids regulation of sugar levels and blood pressure.
  • Reduces risk for type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, protection against osteoporosis,maintains healthy blood pressure levels
  • foods rich in magnesium are leafy green vegetables, like spinach, fruits like bananas, apricots, peas, nuts, seeds, whole grain, soy products
23
Q

What substance lines the esophagus? Why?

A

Mucus, because it lubricates / makes it smooth for food to go down

24
Q

What substance lines the stomach? Why?

A

Mucus so the acid inside doesn’t burn your stomach

25
Q

What is “heartburn”? How does it happen?

A

Heartburn is when acids from the stomach splashes back into the esophagus but they call it heart burn

26
Q

What increases chances of developing colon cancer?

A

Not enough fiber

27
Q

What are the components of saliva?

A

H2O, amylase, mucus

28
Q

What are the functions of salivary components?

A

H2O- softens, soggy
Amylase- breaks starch -> sugar
Mucus- lubricates

29
Q

What is the role of gastroesophageal sphincter? the pyloric sphincter?

A

Gastro- keeps foods from going back into the esophagus

Pyloric-digests food to allow it to enter the small intestine

30
Q

What substance is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder? What does it do?

A
  • bile

- squeezed into intestine to mix the fat in the food. Bile acids dissolve fat into the watery contents of the intestine

31
Q

What else does the Liver do?

A

-the liver also processes nutrients from food, make bile, remove toxins from the body and build proteins

32
Q

What lines small intestine? What do they do?

A

Villi, it absorbs nutrients from food and passes them into the bloodstream

33
Q

What is mastication? What type of digestion is it?

A
  • Chewing food

- mechanical digestion

34
Q

If your colon absorbs and compacts too much, what may result?

A

Constipation

35
Q

What tissue prevents choking?

A

Epiglottis

36
Q

What do you call the wavelike muscle movements in the digestive system? Where do they occur?

A

Peristalsis, esophagus to prevent constipation

37
Q

What is diarrhea?

A

-it is not enough absorption of h2o and doesn’t compact

38
Q

What are the gastric juices (chemicals in the stomach)? What do they do? How is the pH affected by antacids?

A

Pepsin, HCL

  • break down food to make them accessible to the digestive tract
  • pepsin digests protein
39
Q

Which is the longer intestine? Why are they named the way they are? What are their functions?

A

The small intestine is longer
They are named because of their thickness
Small intestine FXN- breaks down proteins to amino acids ,absorbs nutrients,
Large intestine FXN- compacts waste and absorbs h2o

40
Q

What is GERD?

A

-Stomach acid flows back up from the stomach to the esophagus which irritated the lining of the esophagus

41
Q

What is an ulcer? How do you get it?

A

-a hole made in the stomach when there isn’t enough mucus (because it’s been killed off by bacteria)

42
Q

What is the appendix?

A

-tube shaped; attached to and opening into the lower end of the large intestine

43
Q

Where does Bicarbonate come from?

-What does Bicarbonate do?

A

Comes from pancreas

-neutralizes acids

44
Q

The tube which takes food to the stomach is called?

A

Esophagus

45
Q

Where and what is the duodenum? What happens there?

A

Where: small intestine
What: hollow jointed tube
What: connects stomach to jejunum
(Chemical digestion occurs here)

46
Q

What is the last section of large intestine? What happens there?

A

Rectum: compacts & excretes waste

47
Q

What is the alimentary canal?

A

The canal / digestion process in which the food travels through

48
Q

What substances does the duodenum break down?

A

-Carbs, proteins, and lipids

49
Q

What is broken down by amylase? *Lipase? *Peptidase (Pepsin, Proteases)?

A

Amylase - starch to sugar
Lipase- fat to glycerol/ fatty acids
Peptidase- proteins to amino acids

50
Q

What are the roles of the liver and of the pancreas in regulating blood glucose levels?

A

Liver- stores glucose as glycogen

Pancreas- releases insulin which stores glycogen for later use

Biology Test Review 2 (1 decks)

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