Nutrients(anprod) Flashcards
1
Q
chemical element or compound that aids in the support of life.
A
Nutrient
2
Q
6 basic classes of nutrients
A
water, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins
3
Q
it makes up the largest part of most living things.
A
water
4
Q
the amount of water in animal bodies range from how many percent?
A
40-80%
5
Q
Younger animals have a ______ percent of water in their bodies than older animals.
A
higher
6
Q
Factors affecting water requirements/intakes
A
type of animal
age
environmental temperature/conditions
type of feed & preparation
7
Q
major functions of waters in the body
A
- transport of nutrients
- major component in body metabolism
- body temperature regulation
- as buffer in various physiological equilibria
- aids in various physiological processes like swallowing, digestion, excretion, etc.
8
Q
specific functions of water
A
lubricates joints
cushion of the CNS(CSF)
transport of sound in the ear
accomodation/focusing of the eyes
9
Q
the main energy nutrients found in animal rations
A
Carbohydrates
10
Q
made up of sugars, starches, cellulose and lignin
A
carbohydrates
11
Q
provides energy for the body cells, and also produce the body heat that helps to keep the animal warm.
A
Carbohydrates
12
Q
-sugars and starches
-easily digested
-referred to as nitrogen-free extract(NFE)
-come from wheat, oats, barley, rye, and sorghum
A
simple carbohydrates
13
Q
-called fiber, are cellulose and lignin
-more difficult to digest than simple carbohydrates
A
complex carbohydrates
14
Q
-is found mainly in roughages like hay and pasture plants
-examples are alfalfa, bromegrass, orchard grass, and blue grass
A
fiber/ complex carbohydrates
15
Q
can digest large amounts of fiber, a high percentage of their ration is roughage
A
ruminants
16
Q
cannot digest large amounts of fiber, their ration must be mostly cereal grains that are more easily digested
A
simple-stonached animals like equine
17
Q
functions of carbohydrates in animal nutrition
A
- as main source of energy
- as components in the formation of body regulators
- as substrate for formation of glycogen and synthesis of body fats (stored energy)
- accessory functions: as source of nutrients for production of animal products
- as bulk factors: source of fibers
18
Q
common carbohydrates important in animal nutrition
A
A. monosaccharides
B. disaccharides
C. polysaccharides
19
Q
are simple sugars and the fundamental unit is glucose
A
monosaccharides
20
Q
under monosaccharides pentoses(five carbon atom sugars)
A
- L-arabinose
- D-xylose
- D-ribose
- D-xylulose and D-ribulose
21
Q
under monosaccharides (hexoses) six carbon atom sugars
A
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
22
Q
formed from two molecules of monosaccharides
A
disaccharides
23
Q
examples of disaccharides
A
sucrose
maltose
lactose
cellubiose
24
Q
combination of several units of glucose
A
polysaccharides
25
examples of polysaccharides
starch
glycogen
cellulose
hemicellulose
26
chemically composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
fats and oils
27
they contain more carbon and hydrogen atoms than do carbohydrates, for this reason, the energy value of fats is higher than that of carbohydrates
fats and oils
28
have 2.25 times the energy value of carbohydrates
fats
29
are solid at body temperature
fats
30
are liquid at body temperature
oils
31
in animal nutrition, both fats and oils are commonly referred to as ____
fats
32
are easily digested by animals. they provide energy and body heat, they also carry the fat-soluble vitamins that are in the feed
fats
33
addition of fats to animal feeds ________ the energy level in the diet.
increases
34
fats may also be added to improve the ____, _____, and _____ of the feed
flavor, texture and palatability
35
added fat reduces any dustiness of the feed. fats are soluble in ____ and other organic solvents
ether
36
_____is used in feed analysis to extract the fat from the feed. therefore, the dissolved substances(fats) are called ether extract.
ether
37
functions and importance of lipids
1. serve as a condensed reserve of energy & source of essential fatty acids
2. structural elements of the tissues
3. essential for various reactions in intermediary metabolism
4. as carrier of the fat-soluble vitamins
5. add palatability and reduce dustiness in feeds
38
-basic components of most lipids, which combine with glycerol to form fat or triglyceride
Fatty Acid
39
types of fatty acids
satured fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids
40
contains no double bonds
saturated fatty acids
41
examples of saturated fatty acids
butyric, caproic, caprylic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic
42
contains one or more double bonds
unsaturated fatty acids
43
examples of unsaturated fatty acids
palmitoleic
oleic
linoleic
linolenic
arachidonic
44
Linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids apparently cannot be synthesized by animals or at least not in sufficient amounts to prevent effects, thus must be supplied in the diet
Essential Fatty Acids(EFA)
45
-has been recently receiving considerable attention with regards to their importance in human and animal diets
Omega 3 FA
46
three main omega-3 fatty acids are:
alpha-linolenic acid(ALA)
eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and
docosahexaenoic acid(DHA)-sardines
47
-esters formed by the reactions of a glycerol and 3 molecules of Fats and Oils
triglycerides
48
consists of glycerol esterified with long chains FA and phosphoric acid, and nitrogen base
phospholipids
49
phospholipids are essential components of:
a. animal cell membranes
b. lipid transport in the plasma
c. essential for proper digestion and absorption of fats
50
-large group of compounds in plants and animals
steroids
51
steroids includes:
a. sterols
b. cholesterol
c. ergosterol
d. 7-dehydeocholesterol
e. bile acids
f. steroid hormones
52
usually serves as the precursor of most of these steroids
cholesterol
53
plant derived precursors of vitamin d
ergosterol
54
animal precursor of vitamin d
7-dehydrocholesterol
55
derivatives of cholesterol, synthesis in the liver and are major components of bile that aid in emulsification of fats in the small intestine
bile acids
56
synthesized from cholesterol primarily at the sites of testis
androgen
57
synthesized from cholesterol primarily at the sites of ovary
estrogen
58
synthesized from cholesterol primarily at the sites of adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
59
-organic compounds made up of amino acids.
-supply material to build body tissues
proteins
60
-contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. some also contains sulfur, phosphorus, and iron
amino acids
61
how many amino acids are considered to be essential for swine
ten
62
how many amino acids are considered to be essential for poultry
fourteen
63
functions of proteins and amino acids
1. basic structural material in all vital organs, muscles, skin, connective tissue, hair, hoof, horn, etc.
2. essential for animal's growth and development & fetal development
3. necessary for tissue maintenance and repair
4. required for meat, milk, egg, and wool production
64
types of amino acids
-essential AA
-non-essential AA
65
known also as dietary essential or indispensable AA
Essential AA
66
-needed by the animal and cannot be synthesized fast enough to meet the body's requirement and therefore must be supplied in the feed protein or diets
essential AA
67
essential amino acids includes:
phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, methionine, arginine, threonine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine
68
known also as dietary non-essential or dispensable AA
non-essential amino acids
69
needed by the animal but can be formed from other AA by the animal and so does not have to be present in the protein of feeds
non-essential amino acids
70
non-essential amino acids includes
alanine, aspartic acid, citrulline, crystine, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, proline, serine, tyrosine
71
are considered to be good-quality proteins since they usually contain a good balance of the essential amino acids
animal protein sources
72
are usually thought of as poor quality proteins because they often lack some of the essential amino acids
plant protein sources
73
often used in commercial feeds include linseed meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, and dehydrated alfalfa meal
plant protein sources
74
often used are meat meal, fish meal, condensed fish solubles, dried whey, casein, dried milk albumin, and dried skim milk
animal protein sources
75
when animals do not receive sufficient protein or the amount of essential amino acids is insufficient, there will be severe consequences.
protein deficiency
76
inorganic materials needed in various amounts by animals, it contains no carbon thus, if a feed were completely burned, the ash that was left would be the mineral content of the feed
minerals
77
provide material for the growth of bones, teeth, and tissue. They also regulate many of the vital chemical processes of the body. they aid in muscular activities, reproduction, digestion of feed, repair of body tissues, formation of new tissue, and release of energy for body heat
minerals
78
if there is a lack of a certain mineral in an animal's ration, this is called a _____
deficiency
79
minerals are divided into two groups
major minerals and trace minerals
80
are those needed in large amounts
major minerals
81
are those needed in small amounts
trace minerals
82
the ratio of calcium to phosphorus in swine rations should ______
not be greater than 1.5 to 1
83
the ratio of calcium to phosphorus for ruminants ____
can be as high as 7 to 1
84
trace minerals that are necessary for animals include
potassium, sulfur, magnesium, iron, iodine, copper, cobalt, zinc, manganese, boron, molybdenum, fluorine, and selenium
85
general functions of mineral elements
a. as contituents of various tissues, tissue growth and repair
b. serve as body regulators or for producing body regulators
c. accessory functions
86
classifications of minerals
1. macrominerals
2. microminerals
87
-required relatively large amounts
-amounts required or present are usually expresses conveniently on a percentage basis
-calciun, phosphorus, sodium, chlorine, potassium, magnesium, sulfur
macrominerals
88
also referred to as trace minerals
-required by animals in very minute amount
-requirements and amounts are usually expresses as PPM or milligram per kilogram
-iron, copper, cobalt, iodine, manganeses, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, fluorine
microminerals
89
-closely related to phosphorus in metabolism
-consists over 70% in the ash of the body
-adequate Ca and P depends on the following:
•sufficient supply of Ca and P
•Ration between Ca and P
•presence of vitamin D
Calcium
90
functions of calcium
1. bone and teeth formation
2. muscle contraction
3. nerve impulse transmission & neurological excitability
4. plasma Ca and the ECF function in normal blood clotting
5. activation of enzymes
6. effect on membrane permeability
91
hormones that regulates calcium
1. parathormone (PTH)
2. calcitonin
92
-secreted by parathyroid gland, mobilizes Ca from the bones when needed, increases blood calcium
parathormone(PTH)
93
secreted by thyroid gland, decreases the rate of Ca mobilization from the bone, decreases blood calcium
calcitonin
94
defieciency in calcium
1. rickets in young
2. osteomalacia or osteoperosis in older animals
3. post parturient paresis in lactating mammals(milk fever)
4. eclampsia
5. cage layer fatigue, decreased egg production and abnormal shell formation
95
functions of phosphorus
1. structural-approximately 80% of the body P is in bones and teeth
2. as component in protein in soft tissues, genetic materials, energy compounds
3. as buffer in the ECF and anion in the ICF
4. role in energy and fat metabolism
5. milk and egg production
96
deficiency in phosphorus
basically similar to Ca and or vit. D deficiency
97
occurs largely in the fluids and soft tissues
sodium, chlorine and potassium
98
functions of sodium, chlorine, and potassium
1. maintenance of osmotic pressure and acid-base balance
2. control in the passage of nutrients into the cells
3. water metabolism in general
99
Na and Cl are usually provided as common salt and functions in:
1. formation of digestive juices
2. control of body fluid concentration
3. control of body fluid pH
4. nerve and muscle activity
100
-closely associated with Ca and P both in distribution and metabolism
-approximately 2/3 of the body Mg is in the skeleton, the rest, distributed in fluids and soft tissues
magnesium
101
functions of magnesium
1. component of teeth and bone
2. necessary for many enzyme systems, particularly those associated with phosphate from ATP to ADP
3. plays a role in carbohydrate metabolism
4. necessary for the proper functioning of the nervous system
102
deficiency in magnesium
-hypomagnesemic tetany, magnesium tetany "grass tetany", grass staggers, lactation tetany
103
lactation tetany characterized by:
hyperexcitability, incoordination, muscle twitching, labored breathing, rapid pulse, convulsion and frequently death
104
sulfur as component of:
-amino acids
-vitamins
-hormone
-bile acids
-cartilage
105
-most are present as iron-porphyrin nucleus(heme) in the hemoglobin
-essential for oxygen transport and utilization and metabolic reactions
-absorbed primarily in the small intestine and partly in the stomach
iron
106
are storage compounds of iron and may be found in the liver, kjdney, spleen, and bone marrow
ferritin and hemosiderin
107
deficiency symptoms of iron
1. poor growth
2. lethargy
3. pale mucous membrane
4. increase heart and respiratory rate
5. decreased resistance to diseases
108
deficiency in iron
-animals develop anemia of the hypochromic, microcytic type
-affected new born piglet shows spasmodic labored breathing(thumps), pale eyelids, pale eyelids, ears, nose, and mucous membrane, and flabby, wrinkled skin
109
copper is important in:
1. iron absorption and metabolism
2. essential both in HB synthesis and RBC maturation
3. integral parts of cytochrome C oxidase, uricase, diamine oxidase and ascorbic acid oxidase (metalloenzymes)
4. important in osteoblastic activity and normal collagen/elastin/keratin/formation for normal bone formation, hair and wool growth
110
deficiency symptoms in copper
-weakness at birth
-depressed growth
-impaired reproduction anemia
-bone abnormalities with lameness and swelling of joints
-bleaching of hair or depigmentation of colored hair and black wool
-diarrhea, enzootic ataxia in lambs, kid lamb and calves
111
-most are present in the thyroid gland
iodine
112
significance function of iodine
production of thyroxins
113
deficiency of iodine
1. goiter in young animal
2. hairlessness at birth
3. weakness or death of newly born
4. bloats
5. thick skins/ puffy necks
6. infected navels especially in foals
114
important component of vitamin b12
(cyanocobalamin)
cobalt
115
deficiency of cobalt shows (general malnutrition)
1. poor appetite
2. unthriftiness
3. weakness
4. anemia
5. deceased fertility
6. slow growth
7. decreased milk and wool production
116
-concentrated in the epidermal tissues such as the skin, hair, and wool
-promotes general thriftiness and growth, wound healing and hair & wool growth
zinc
117
deficiency of zinc in swine
paraketosis
diarrhea
scabbing
118
deficiency of zinc in chicken
slow growth, shortening and thickening of the long bones and poor feathering
119
are trace organic compounds, needed only in minute amounts by animals
Vitamins
120
2 groups of vitamins
Fat-soluble and Water-Soluble
121
Includes vitamins A, D, E and K, can be stored in the body
Fat-soluble Vitamins
122
Includes Vitamin B1, B2, B3, B5, B7, B12 and Vitamin C, cannot be stored in the body
Water-soluble Vitamins
123
Differences of Fat soluble and Water Soluble Vitamins
-FSV can come as a provitamin(precursor) while WSV have no precursor
-FSV can be stored in the liver while WSV cannot be stored and pass out with water excreted by body
-FSV are excreted via feces while WSV are excreted via urine
-FSV are absorbed associated with fats while WSV are absorbed in SI by simple process
-FSV are composed of C, H, O while WSV are composed of C, H, O, and S, Co, and N
124
Principal form of importance is retinol
Vitamin A
125
Importance of Vitamin A
1. Necessary for growth, health and life of higher animals
2. Essential for health of epithelial cells and maintenance of mucous membrane
3. Functions in vision/ eyesight
4. Bone formation
5. Normal disease resistance
126
How many IU/kg BW per day is the required vitamin A for animals
100-200
127
Signs of deficiency in Vitamin A
Slow growth
Eye lesion
Night blindness to togal blindness
Reproductive disorder
Rough hair coat
Muscular incoordination
Lowered resistance
128
Extreme high levels of vitamin a may result to
toxicity
129
Sources of Vitamin A
Fish oils and liver
Milk fat
Egg yolk
Liver
Fresh green herbage
Yellow corn
130
Also known as antirachitic factor
Vitamin D
131
Most prominent factors of Vitamin D
Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol
132
Derived from plant steroid precursor-ergosterol
Ergocalciferol
133
Precursor 7 dehydrocholesterol exclusively from animal products
Cholecalciferol
134
Functions of Vitamin D
Absorption of Calcium
Calcium and Phosphorus metabolism
Generally elevates plasma Ca and P to a level that will support normal bone mineralization as well as other body functions
135
Deficiency in vitamin D
-rickets
-osteomalacia
-in poultry, lower growth rate, egg production and hatchability
136
Compounds with Vitamin E activity
Tocopherol and Tocotrienols
137
Functions and Importance of vitamin E
-antioxidant
-involved in membrane structure and prostaglandin synthesis
-blood clotting
-disease resistance
-control in the biosynthesis of DNA
-protection from toxic heavy metal elements
138
Deficiency in Vitamin E
-Poor growth
-Muscular dystrophy or white muscle disease
-reproductive failure or infertile
In poultry:
-exudative diathesis
-encephalomalacia or crazy chick disease
-muscular dystrophy
139
Sources of Vitamin E
-vegetable oils
-cereal products
-eggs
-liver
-legumes
-green plants
140
Group of Quinone compounds having an antihemorrhagic effects
Vitamin k
141
Basic molecules having several isomers
Naphthoquinone
142
Vitamin K1-extracted from plant materials
Phylloquinone
143
Vitamin K2-synthesized in the liver or by bacterial fermentation
Menaquinone
144
Vitamin K3-synthetic vitamin k and the simplest form
Menadione
145
Importance of Vitamin K
-blood clotting
-synthesis of prothrombin II, proconvertin VII, christmas factor IX, and stuart-power factor X
146
Deficiency signs of Vitamin K
-prolonged clotting time
-impairment of blood coagulation
-multiple hemorrhages
147
Sources of vitamin K
Fresh dark green vegetables- major source of phylloquinones
Menaquinones from bacterial flora
148
Vitamin b1
Thiamine
149
Importance of vitamin B1
Essential co-enzyme in energy metabolism
Mechanism of action in the nervous tissue
150
Deficiency Signs of Vitamin B1
Poor growth
Slow growth
Weakness
Hyperirritability
151
Classic disease in birds
Polyneuritis
152
Sources of Vitamin B1
-cereal grains and their by-products
-soy bean meal
-peanut
-brewer's yeast
153
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
154
Importance of vitamin b2
-required as part of many enzymes essential to utilization of carbs
-forms the flavoproteins, fats and protein
-act as intermediaries in the transfer of electrons in biological oxidation reductase reactions
155
Common signs of deficiencies in vit b2
-decreased growth rate
-lower feed efficacy
156
Typical signs in pig and poultry (vit b2)
Pig- dermatitis and leg troubles
Poultry- curled toe paralysis
157
Sources of vit b2
-green plants, fungi, yeast and some bacteria
-green leafy vegetables and forages
158
Vitamin b3
Niacin (nicotinamide and nicotinic acid)
159
Niacin
is an important component of NAD and NADP
160
Deficiency symptoms of vit b3
In pig-digestive disorder, dermatitis, anorexia, and retarded growth
In poultry-black tongue
In human-pellagra
161
Sources of vit b3
-foods of both plant and animal origin
-animal and fish by products
-distiller's grain and yeast
-distillation and fermentation
-certain oil meals
162
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
163
3 group of compounds in vit b6
-pyridoxol (pyridoxine), pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine
164
Importance of vit b6
-play essential role in the interaction of amino acids, carbs, and fat metabolism and the energy producing TCA cycle
-participates in the synthesis of epinephrine and nonepinephrine, incorporation of Iron in hemoglobin synthesis, and formation of antibodies
165
Signs of deficiency in vit b6
-retarded growth
-dermatitis
-epileptic-like convulsion
-anemia
-partial alopecia
166
Sources of vit b6
-muscle meat
-liver
-vegetable
-whole grain cereals and by products
-nuts
167
Vitamin B5
Pantothenic acid, Pantothenate
168
Vit b5 is found in 2 enzymes:
-coenzyme a
-acyl carrier protein
which are involved in many CHO, fat and protein metabolism
169
Deficiency in vit b5
In pigs: goose stepping
In poultry: egg production and hatchability may be reduced
170
Sources of vit b5
Peanut meal
Cane molasses
Yeast
Rice bran
Green leafy plants
Wheat bran
Brewer's yeast
Fish soluble
Rice polishing
171
Vitamin H
Biotin
172
Importance of vitamin h
-essential coenzymes in CHO, fat, protein metabolism
-involved in conversion of CHO to protein and vice versa
-conversion of protein and CHO to fat
-catalyze the action of vitamin b and c
-importance for normal function of thyroid and adrenal glands, reproductive tract, and the nervous system
173
Deficiency in vitamin h
Severe dermatitis
174
Sources of vitamin h
-oilseed meals and dried yeast
-corn, wheat, other cereals, meat and fish
-intestinal microflora
175
Vitamin B2
Folacin or folic acid
176
Importance of folacin
-transfer of single carbon units in various biochemical reaction
-maintain the immune system
177
Deficiency of folacin in animals produces
-blood disorder like macrocytic anemia, leukopenia, affected chicks, poor growth, poor feathering, anemic appearance and perosis
178
Sources of folacin
-rumen fermentation products
-feeds
179
Vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamin
180
Vitamin B12 contains ___% of cobalt?
4.5
181
Natural occuring forms of vitamin b12
Adenosylcobalamin
Methylcobalamin
182
Is not a natural form but is the most widely used form because of its relative availability and stability
Cobalamin
183
Importance of vit b12
-essential parts of several enzyme systems
-metabolically related to choline, methionine, and folacin
-to promote rbc synthesis
-to maintain NS integrity
184
Other functions of cyanocobalamin(vit b12)
-synthesis of purine and pyrimidine
-transfer of methyl groups
-formation of protein from AA
-CHO and fat metabolism
185
Sources of Vitamin B12
-by microbial synthesis
-meat, liver, kidney, milk, eggs, and fish
186
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid or antiscorbutic factor
187
Vitamin C occurs and changes into 2 forms
Ascorbic acid-reduced form
Dehydroascorbic acid-oxidized form
188
Least stable of all the vitamins(easily destroyed)
Vitamin B12
189
Functions of Vitamin C
-related to its reversible oxidation and reduction properties
-involved in collagen biosynthesis
-related to several metabolic reactions
-interrelationship with other vitamins
-immunity
-anticarcinogenic
-reproduction
190
Deficiency symptoms in vitamin c
-capillary fragility as in scurvy and hemorrhages
-periodontal disease
-failure of wounds to heal
-gum and bone changes
191
Main sources of Vitamin C
Fruits and vegetables
Liver and kidneys and small quantities in meat
