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Nut 2 Sem 1 > Nutrigenomics > Flashcards

Nutrigenomics Flashcards

1
Q

What is nutrigenomics

A

Study of interaction of nutrtion and genes in regards to prevention or treatment of disease.

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2
Q

What’s a gene

A

Made up of DNA our physical unit of heredity

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3
Q

What is a trait

A

An inherited characteristic such as shyness

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4
Q

What is an Allele

A

A variant form of a gene responsible for the variation in which a trait can be expressed eg eye colour

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5
Q

What is a phenotype

A

How genetic and environmental influences come together

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6
Q

What is Genomics

A

The study of genes, determines how they interact and influence biological pathways, networks and physiology

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7
Q

How many chromosomes in a cell nucleus

A

23 pairs

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8
Q

What is a nucleotide

A

Genetic information of two paired chains
Each contains deoxyribose, phosphate group and one of 4 bases. A C T D

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9
Q

What are names of nucleotide bases

A

A - adenine
C- cytosine
T - thymine
G - guanine

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10
Q

What’s transcription

A

DNA transcribed to RNA which is translated into a protein from amino acids. This determines the shape and function of the protein

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11
Q

What a codon

A

A sequence of 3 nucleotides which is a code for a specific amino acid. The condones make up the genes.

Example AUG is code of acid methionine

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12
Q

What is a SNP

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism - a difference in single bases in the sequence of a gene. ( genetic variation in humans)

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13
Q

What is a wild type variant

A

Usually normal/ stable

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14
Q

What does heterozygous mean

A

1 chromosomal variant usually indicates some potential change of function.

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15
Q

What does homozygous mean

A

Variants in both chromosomes with great change of function

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16
Q

What does BCO1 code for

A

Beta carotene Oxygenase 1 (vit A)
Converts beta carotene to retinol

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17
Q

What does VDR gene code for

A

Vitamin D receptor

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18
Q

What is SLC23A1 gene code for

A

Vitamin C transporters - a SNP in this gene associated with higher demand for Vit C

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19
Q

In what areas is genetic testing useful in clinic

A

Methylation
Detoxification
Neurotransmitters/ hormone synthesis
Vitamin conversion/ receptor function

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20
Q

What are symptoms of vitaminA deficiency

A

Impaired night vision, frequent infection, skin conditions

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21
Q

What are the BCO1 gene SNPs

A

A379V TT reduction in enzyme activity

R267S AT or TT lower conversion

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22
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin D deficiency

A

Immune dysfunction, frequent infections, asthma, allergies, rickets, osteoporosis

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23
Q

What do FADS 1 and FADS 2 code for

A

FADS 1 - for delta 5 desaturate
FADS 2 - for delta 6 desaturates

For conversion of Fatty acids

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24
Q

What does TNF gene code for and what do SNPs risk

A

Production of pro inflammatory cytokine (protein)

SNP can increase risk of asthma, RA, psoriasis and cancer

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25
What is methylation
Process of adding a methyl group (CH3) to a substrate. Involves in nearly all metabolic processes.
26
Give examples of methylation processes in the body
Gene regulation DNA and RNA synthesis Detoxification Energy production Myelination and neurotransmitter production Immune function
27
What are the cofactors needed for methylation
Folate B12 B6 B2 Choline Betaine (TMG) Zinc
28
What is SAMe
The methyl donor for the body S- adenosylmethionine
29
What is SAMe formed from
Methionine
30
What is needed for the production of SAMe
Methyl folate
31
What might disrupt the production of SAMe
Lack of substrates - folate and methionine Lack of co factors - B2, B12,B6, Zinc Malabsorption Drug - OCP Toxin exposure Higher demands - stress imbalance hormones, inflammation
32
What can impaired methylation contribute to
Cardiovascular disease Cancer Infertility Chronic fatigue Neurological diseases - MS/ Alzheimer’s
33
How can you assess for indicators of poor methylation
Genetic testing - SNPs Homocysteine levels ( normal 5-8umol)
34
What does does MTHFR gene code for and what do SNPs do
For the enzyme to convert folate to methyl folate SNPs C replaced with G results in reduced activity
35
What does MTR and MTRR gene code for
The enzyme for methionine synthase which converts homocysteine to methionine
36
What is transsulphuration
Another route for homocysteine that provides a substrate for glutathione synthesis and the key phase 2 detoxification process of sulphation and glutathione conjugation
37
What is 5-MTHF needed for
Synthesis of serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline MTHFR is essential for 5-MTHF
38
What dietary recommendations would support production of SAMe
Choline Betaine Folate B12 rich foods - meat, fish, eggs, liver
39
What is detoxification
The process of transforming fat soluble toxins and xenobiotics into water soluble compounds that can be eliminated via the urine or bile.
40
How to support detoxification in clinic
Minimise toxic load Support elimination pathways Support detoxification pathways
41
Where do you get toxin bisphenols And what is associated with
Tinned and plastic packaging Type 2 diabetes, infertility, oestrogen distribution
42
Where do you find pesticides and herbicides and what are they associated with
Chemically grown food, water Alzheimer’s, infertility, RA, SLE, cancer
43
Where do you find polybrominatrd didphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and what are they associated with
Flame retardants, farmed fish Insulin resistance, child behaviour problems
44
What are heavy mental toxins and what are they associated with
Aluminium- mitochondrial damage Mercury - chronic fatigue, hashimotos, ADHD, infertility Arsenic - type 2 diabetes, cancer, gout
45
How to be toxin free
Eat organic Eat wild fish Avoid plastic packaging Use water filters Use air purifier Non chemical cleaners Avoid alcohol/ smoking / drugs
46
Signs of sluggish detoxification
Fatigue Poor appetite Gallstones Pale fatty stools Intolerance to alcohol Offensive body odour Feeling hot Dark circles under eyes Hormones imbalance Headaches
47
How to test for detoxification
Hair analysis - toxic elements Urine - heavy metals Blood - metals panel Stool panel Genetic profile
48
Name antioxidant enzymes
Superoxide dismutase - zinc, copper & manganese Catalase - iron Glutathione peroxidase - selenium Glutathione reductase - B3
49
Name chain breaking antioxidants
Vitamin E - sunflower seeds, almonds, avocados Vitamin C - pepper, kiwi, berries Flavonoids - red onion, grapes and apples. Carotenoids- yellow and orange veg
50
What is the transition metal binding protein
Metallothionein (MT) cysteine rich proteins that blind to essential and toxic metals. Legumes, sunflower seeds, eggs, chicken, zinc, copper and selenium
51
Explain detoxification phase zero
The entry of the toxin into the cell (hepatocytes) or exit of the unmetabolised toxin from storage inside cells such as adipocytes.
52
Explain phase 1 detoxification
CYP450 enzymes react with toxins or hormones to create active binding site on toxin to make them more water soluble (but also more reactive) for conjugation in phase 11
53
Explain phase 11 detoxification
A variety of chemical reactions which add a functional group to the reactive toxins to make the safe for release via the blood or bile for excretion via kidneys or bowels.
54
Name phase 11 reactions
Glucuronindation - glucuroinic acid added to phase 1 metabolite Sulphation - sulphate added to phase one metabolite Gluatathione conjugation - reactive phase 1 metabolite are reacted with glutathione.
55
What inhibit and enhances glucuronidation
Inhibits - aspirin, smoking, OCP, fluoride Enhance - citrus peel, brassicas, turmeric
56
What does glucuronidation detoxify
Oestrogens, NSAIDs, Morphine
57
What does sulphation detoxify
Steroid hormones, food additives and industrial chemicals
58
What inhibits and enhances sulphation
Inhibits - NSAIDs, tartrazine, molybdenum deficiency Enhances- sulphur rich foods (brassicas onion, garlic) sulphur amino acid’s (cysteine and methionine)
59
What does methylation detoxify
Steroid hormones, oestrogen, dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, arsenic and urea.
60
What inhibits and enhances methylation
Inhibits - B12 and. Folate deficiency and high sucrose diet inhibits COMT Enhances - Methionine, Betaine, choline, Vit B2, B6, B12, folate and magnesium
61
How to support liver detoxification
Increase Nrf2 gene expression Using photochemicals that regulate Nrf2 Curcumin Broccoli Garlic Epicatechins Lycopene Resveratrol Rosemary Blueberries
62
What is phase 111 detoxification
The removal and excretion phase where the detoxified products are pumped I got the blood or bile for elimination. Involves 350 anti port proteins that work on specific substances
63
How to induce phase 111 detoxification
Fasting intermittent Being in lipolytic state allows toxins stored in fats cells to be mobilised and released Should be supported by saunas Good hydration Bile flow - dandelion rot and burdock root
64
What is COMT involved in
Methylation of 2PH and 4 OH before detoxification of these oestrogen’s occurs
65
Which detoxification pathway are used for Oestrogen elimination
Sulphation and glucuronidation
66
What are beta glucuronidase
Undesirable bacteria that deconjugate phase 11 compounds and reduce elimination which then renter the blood and back to the liver for processing

Nut 2 Sem 1 (6 decks)

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