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Nutrition 2 > Nutrigenomics > Flashcards

Nutrigenomics Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

SNPs single nucleotide polymorphism (variation of DNA)

A
  • makes it more or less effective (faster or slower)
  • not necessarily a bad thing accounts for indivituality
  • about environmental context when turning on or off
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2
Q

Beta carotene : vitamin A (SNP)

A

(DNA makes the enzyme using the letters)

SNPs:

BCO1 A379V TT alleles (= 32% reduction in enzyme activity)

BCO1 R267S AT or TT plus BCO1 A379V CT or TT variant alleles (= 69% lower beta-carotene conversion)

Deficiency symptoms:
- vision
- frequent infections
- skin conditions

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3
Q

Vitamin D (SNP)

A

Receptor code for gene: VDR

SNPs rs 1544410
- A allele: reducing bone density
- G allele: supports bone density

Deficiency symptoms:
- bone disorders (osteoporosis, rickets, osteomalacia)
- immune disfunction (autoimmune, allergy, infection)

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4
Q

Essential fatty acids (SNP)

A

(Conversion to help with inflammation)

Genes:
- FADS 1 codes Delta 5 Desaturates

Increasing activity will of EPA (anti inflammatory)
DGLA (omega 6) to arachidonic acid (pro inflammatory) SNPs rs 174537 GG increase activity of this enzyme- common in African Americans.

  • FADS 2 codes Delta 6 Desaturates:

SNPs rs 174570 T allele lowers beneficial fats: GLA, AA, EPA levels
(Pro inflammatory)

Hard to balance these SNP as can be pro or pre inflammatory.

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5
Q

Inflammation (SNP)

A

Gene: TNF (tumour necrosis factor) (pro inflammatory cytokines)
Switching on and off inflammation

SNP: At rs 1800629 the A allele increases TNF (inflammation)

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6
Q

Methylation definition

A

The adding on of a methyl group to a bases chemical to modify a function causing a process to happen.

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7
Q

Methylation functions

A
  • gene regulation (tuning on and off)
  • DNA RNA synthesis (growth and repairs of cells)
  • detoxification phase 2 (e.g. hormones, heavy metals)
  • energy production (CoQ10, carnitine, ATP)
  • myelination & neurotransmitters production (eg dopamine, serotonin, melatonin)
  • immune function (eg inflammation)
  • MOST FUNCTIONS IN THE BODY!
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8
Q

How do we methylate ?

A

We need folate and B12 to to methylate = SAMe

Step 1. Folate B9 (is processed in the body) = methyl folate 5MTHF

Step 2. B12 = makes SAMe (S-adenosylmethionine) which is the body’s MAIN methyl donor.

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9
Q

Methylation disruptors/ inhibitors

A
  • insufficient: folate, methionine, B12
  • SNPs affecting enzyme activity
  • drugs e.g. contraceptive, metformin lower B vits
  • increase demand on body e.g. stress, hormone imbalance, inflammation
  • toxic exposure e.g. air pollution, bpa, heavy metals
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10
Q

Waste product of SAMe?

A

Homocysteine
(Suggests poor methylation)

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11
Q

Methylation process from folate to SAMe (6 steps)

A
  1. Folate or folic acid
  2. 5-MTHF
  3. B12
  4. Methionine
  5. SAMe
  6. Homocysteine
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12
Q

Folate cycle (SNP)

A

Gene: MTFHR (converts folate into methylated form)

SMP: C667T at rs 1801133 reducing activity of enzyme

Recommend
- methylated folate supplements

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13
Q

Methionine cycles (SNP)

A

Gene: MTR/ MTRR

MTR SNP: A allele rs 1805087 decreased methionine (not able to get B12 into process)

MTRR SNP: A66G SNP rs 1801394 reduces B12 as methylated form

(Both reduce B12)

Recommend
- methylated b12 supplement

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14
Q

Transsulphuration

A

Another output route for homocysteine that provides glutathione synthesis which helps phase 2 liver detox

  • conjugates sulphation to glutathione for excretions

Recommend
- zinc & choline, probiotic
- reduce sulphate foods

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15
Q

MTHFR

A

MTHFR gene gives instructions for making the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) which processes folate and homocysteine

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16
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

MTHFR= synthesis of serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline

COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase)breaks down and stops those neurotransmitters

COMT also balances oestrogen (need to control speed)

Recommend:
- choline, betaine, folate, b12
- avoid oxoestrogens (toxins, dairy)

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17
Q

Urea Cycles

A

Gene: eNOS generates nitric oxide from arginine which creates vasodilation

Recommend:
Antioxidants
Moderate animal protein
Beetroot juice

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18
Q

Detoxification symptoms

A
  • dark circles under eyes
  • impaired bile flow
  • difficulty digesting fats
  • fail floating stools
  • fatigue
  • skin issues
  • mood changes
  • brain fog
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19
Q

Antioxidant enzymes
(Produce ourselves)

A

Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Catalase

Glutathione peroxide

Glutathione reductase

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20
Q

Chain breaking antioxidants
(From plants)

A

Vitamin E

Vitamin C

Flavonoids

Carotenoids

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21
Q

Transition metal binding proteins (antioxidants)
Cystine amino acid (sulphur like)

Study These Flashcards
A

Metallothionein (MT)

Good quality protein

22
Q

Detoxification phases zero

Study These Flashcards
A

The transport of toxins across the cell membrane

23
Q

Detoxification phase 1

Study These Flashcards
A

Enzyme CYP450 in the liver

Makes toxins water soluble and more reactive

24
Q

Detoxification phase 1 support

Study These Flashcards
A
  • reduce toxic load
  • use organic
  • avoid caffeine/ alcohol/ smoking
  • plastics and heavy metals
  • unnecessary medication
  • use B complex (grains, fish, eggs)
  • quality protein
25
26
Detoxification phase 2
Conjugated to make water soluble to be released into blood or bile for excretion
27
Detoxification phase 2 6 phases (pathways)
Might add to this slide
28
29
Detoxification phase 2 Glucuronidation
Detoxifies: oestrogen, nsaids
30
Detoxification phase 2 Sulphation
Detoxifies: steroid hormones, food additives, chemicals industrial
31
Detoxification phase 2 Acetylation
Detoxifies: smoke, histamines,
32
Detoxification phase 2 Methylation
Detoxifies: steroid hormones, dopamine, adrenaline,
33
Detoxification phase 2 Amino acid conjugation
Detoxifies: xenobiotics, drugs
34
Detoxification phase 2 Glutathione conjugation
Detoxifies: xenobiotics, heavy metals,
35
Detoxification phase 2 Support
Photochemicals - turmeric - broccoli - garlic - rosemary - blueberry - pomegranate
36
Glutathione
Antioxidants and detoxification phases 2 for conjugation
37
What makes glutathione
Cystine and homocysteine
38
Glutathione function
Mitochondrial against oxidative stress, cell health, cleaning of heavy metals
39
40
Glutathione supporting levels…
- remove stress - toxic load - antioxidant stress - sleep - alpha lipoid acid (antioxidant) - cysteine supplements - cruciferous vegetables
41
Detoxification phase 3
Removal of toxin physical output organs - blood or bile for elimination
42
Detoxification phase 3 Support
- fasting - reduce toxins - restrict calories 5- 10 days - saunas - hydration - bile production support - dietary fibre
43
Hepatoprotection Support
- milk thistle - shiitake - cordyceps
44
Oestrogen metabolism Detoxification phase 1
- CYP1A1 enzyme for phase 1 conversion into less potent 2OH - CYP1B1 conversion into more potent 4OH (if supported by methylation can stop this)
45
Oestrogen metabolism Detoxification phase 2
- sulphation - glucuronidation
46
Optimising oestrogen metabolism
- crusiferous vegetables - fibre - avoid dairy, alcohol, caffeine - address dysbiosis
47
Optimising elimination
- remove alcohol, nsaids - hydration - mucilage e.g psyllium, chia - fibre - probiotics - intestine bone broth, glutamine, slippery elm
48
Kidney support
- non necessary drugs and supplements - no salt - high animal protein - correct water levels - celery seed, nettle, dandelion - beetroot juice - blueberries
49
Skin detoxification support
- toxins avoid - saunas - wraps poultice ( mud clay) - eptom salt - burdock
50
Lymphatic detoxification Support
- exercise - dry skin brushing - message - abdominal breathing - cleaver’s tea
51
Castor oil pack for lymphatic drainage
- acts on smooth muscle eg constipation and menstrual cramps - liver detox over the liver
52
Detox in clinic practice
- reduce toxic load - rebalancing gut - roots off elimination are working - fibre - antioxidant - good quality protein - b vitamins support methylation - regulate exercise & sauna - could water fast - fasting mimicking diets

Nutrition 2 (3 decks)

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