Nutrigenomics Terms

Question 1

Nutritional Genomics

Answer 1

study of interactions among genes, diet, lifestyle factors, and their influence on health and disease

Question 2

Proteomics

Answer 2

identifying and understanding the function of proteins encoded within each gene

Question 3

Epigenetics

Answer 3

changes in a single gene caused by environmental factors

Question 4

Epigenomics

Answer 4

population-specific gene changes

Question 5

Pharmacogenomics

Answer 5

drug-metabolizing enzymes and how their function changes due to genetic variations

Question 6

Genetics

Answer 6

science of inheritance

Question 7

Genomics

Answer 7

study of how chronic diseases are a result of the interaction between gene variants and environmental factors.

Question 8

Nutritional Genomics encompasses the following (4) fields:

Answer 8

nutrigenomics, nutrigenetics, epigenetics, epigenomics

Question 9

Nutrigenetics

Answer 9

an individual’s genetic variations affect function

Question 10

Nutrigenomics

Answer 10

study of the influence of specific environmental factors on changes in the expression of particular genes

Question 11

Intervening sequences

Answer 11

sequences between genes that perform structural and regulatory functions controlling when, where, and how proteins are produced

Question 12

Mutations

Answer 12

Changes in a gene can alter the amino acid sequences of the DNA protein

Question 13

Genetic Variation

Answer 13

mutations with an effect on function that is not strong enough to lead to a disease or other measurable outcome by itself

Question 14

What are the three modes of inheritance

Answer 14

mendelian, mitochondrial, and epigenetic

Question 15

mendelian transmission has these (4) methods of transmission

Answer 15

autosomal, sex-linked, dominant, or recessive

Question 16

Phenotype

Answer 16

the measurable expression of genotypes

Question 17

Penetrance

Answer 17

even if the pedigree suggest gene is present, the individual may not display the phenotype in a measurable form

Question 18

Mitochondrial Inheritance

Answer 18

passed from mother to child

Question 19

These are the mechanisms (3) involved in epigenetic inheritance

Answer 19

histone modification, DNA modification, and RNA interferance

Question 20

Histone

Answer 20

proteins associated with DNA

Question 21

CpG Islands

Answer 21

sequences enriched in cytosine and guanine that interfere with transcription and gene expression after they are methylated

Question 22

Gene imprinting

Answer 22

only one of the two alleles of a gene are expressed

Question 23

Prader Willi syndrome

Answer 23

a result of genomic imprinting (paternal allele) that causes patient to lack perception of satiety, causing overeating and obesity.

Question 24

RNA interference / RNAi

Answer 24

posttranscriptional mechanism where short pieces of RNA attach to DNA/mRNA

Question 25

Epigenetic Gene Silencing

Answer 25

silencing a whole region of the genome

Question 26

karyotype

Answer 26

visualization of all the chromosomes in picture form

Question 27

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

Answer 27

a deletion in chromosome 11 causing organ overgrowth. This includes oversized tongue which leads to feeding difficulties and hypoglycermia

Question 28

Wolfram Syndrome

Answer 28

a mitochondria DNA disorder associated with a form of diabetes and diabetes associated deafness

Question 29

Examples of nutrition implications from autosomal dominant inheritances

Answer 29

oral motor problems, growth problems, susceptibility to weight gain, constipation

Question 30

Examples of nutrition implications from autosomal recessive inheritance

Answer 30

metabolic disorders of amino acids, CHO and lipid metabolism

Question 31

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM)

Answer 31

disorders with detrimental effects in newborn infants that led to serious detrimental effects of death

Question 32

phenylketonuria (PKU) is a ______ condition of ______ metabolism

Answer 32

inborn error of metabolism (IEM), amino acid metabolism

Question 33

hereditary fructose intolerance is a _______ condition of ________ metabolism

Answer 33

autosomal recessive IEM, carbohydrate metabolism

Question 34

maple syrup urine disease is a mutation causing difficulties in ________ metabolism causing ____________

Answer 34

branched chain alpha-keto acid (due to lack of decarboxylase) causing acid accumulation which creates maple syrup odor in urine.

Question 35

Hereditary fructose intolerance is a ________ condition of causing difficulties of ________ metabolism that requires MNT involving elimination of _________

Answer 35

autosomal recessive IEM, carbohydrate (specifically fructose), prevents fructose from being converted into glucose because of inability to encode aldolase B.

Question 36

restriction endonucleases

Answer 36

enzymes hat cur DNa into precise reproducible locations along nucleotide chains

Question 37

polymerase chain reaction technology

Answer 37

make unlimited copies of DNA

Question 38

whole exome capture

Answer 38

efficient way to identify DNA sequences that constitute genes

Question 39

DNA chips/microarrays

Answer 39

used to determine which genes are expressed in a particular time under particular conditions