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nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Nutrition

A

the process of taking nutrients

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2
Q

nutrients

A

a substance that provides nourishment essential for life and growth

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3
Q

examples of small and simple inorganic (non living) substances

A
  1. water

2. ions (phosphates, calcium, sodium, potassium, etc.); minerals

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4
Q

macromolecules

A

large complex organic molecules

  • made up of repeating smaller subunits
  • they are assembled by linking together the subunits through COVALENT BONDS between them
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5
Q

5 organic molecules that make up living organisms

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. proteins
  3. lipids
  4. nucleic acid
  5. vitamins and minerals
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6
Q

assembling macromolecules

A

dehydration synthesis

  • a molecule of water is removed by taking the -OH group of one subunits and a -H atom from another subunit
    • leaving subunits bonded together
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7
Q

diassembling macromolecules

A

hydrolysis

  • a molecule of water is added to the bonds between subunits
    • breaking apart the subunits
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8
Q

carbohydrates

A

most important energy source for the body; produced by plants
-simple sugars contain 1 carbon: 2 hydrogen: 1 oxygen ratio

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9
Q

3 types of carbohydrates

A
  1. monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
  3. polysaccharides
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10
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugar that contains 3-6 carbons

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11
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A
  • glucose
  • galactose
  • fructose
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12
Q

disaccharides

A

two monosaccharides froming together

  • formed by the process of dehydration synthesis
    • two monosaccharides are combined along the removal of one water molecule
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13
Q

examples of disaccharides

A
  1. sucrose (glucose + fructose)
  2. maltose (glucose + glucose)
  3. lactose (glucose + galactose)
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14
Q

polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates formed by more than 2 monosaccharide units

-formed by dehydration synthesis

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15
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A
  1. starch
  2. glucogen
  3. cellulose
  4. chitin
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16
Q

glycogen

A

animals store cabohydrates in the form of glycogen
-excess glucose is converted into glycogen by insulin and stored in liver and muscles

as glucose increase in the blood, pancrease produce insulin
-glucose is then convert into glycogen, which glycogen is stored in the liver

if glucose concentration in the blood decreases, glycogen can be converted back into glucose

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17
Q

starch

A

a polysaccharide that acts as energy stored in plants

-made up of 100 to 1000 glucose units

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18
Q

cellulose

A

a polysaccharide that makes up the cell wall of plant cells
-made up of thousands of glucose units combined by dehydration synthesis in long chains

most abundant carbohydrate in nature (50% of all organic carbon)

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19
Q

lipids

A

composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but in different ratio
-very large, insoluble molecules which makes them ideal for their primary role in the body

composed of two subunits

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20
Q

roles of lipids in the body

A
  • a major component of cell membrane and many hormones
  • body’s insulation from cold
  • cushioning agent for many organs
  • carrier of vitamins A, D, E, and K
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21
Q

2 subunits for lipids

A
  1. glycerol

2. fatty acid chains

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22
Q

types of lipids

A
  1. triglycerides
  2. phospholipids
  3. waxes
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23
Q

triglyceride

A

lipids that are composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

  • dehydration occurs
  • 3 water molecule is formed
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24
Q

unsaturated

A

double bonds, more easily broken down (oils)

-from plant sources

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25
saturated
no double bonds, not easily broken down (fats) - from animal source - solid at room temp. fats are collected on arteries
26
phospholipids
lipids composed of a phosphate group attached to glycerol - major component of cell membranes - have twice the energy as carbohydrates or proteins
27
waxes
composed of mang fatty acids attached to alcohols or carbon rings - insoluble in water - not readily used as energy food but as a waterproofing covering of leaves, feathers, and fur - used in the structuring of storage units in beehives
28
steroids
altered lipids that are produced by certain cells of the body and act as a chemical messengers known as hormones - anabolic steroids are muscle building messengers. They may be synthetically or naturally produced - they have been used as a performance enhancing drug - have many unwanted side effects
29
cholesterol
is a steroids - naturally found in the body and is made in the liver - important component of cell membranes and used to manufacture certain hormones
30
2 types of cholesterol
1. LDL (low density lipoprotein) | 2. HDL (high density lipoprotein)
31
LDL cholesterol
"bad cholesterol" - too much can form a plaque in the arteries and cause ATHEROSCLEROSIS - a disease of the blood vessels can cause high blood pressure or stroke, if the blockage is in the brain or heart attack if the plaque blocks a coronary atery
32
HDL cholesterol
"Good cholesterol" -can carry the LDL back to the liver for breakdown -HDL can lower the blood's "bad cholesterol" balance between LDL and HDL is important to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease -excersice can raise HDL -fiber can help lower the cholesterol in the blood
33
protein
composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but can also contain nitrogen and sulfur -they are built by combining amino acids using dehydration synthesis amino acids - polypeptides - proteins
34
polypeptides
a chain of 3 or more amino acids - when amino acids are joined, a peptide is formed - can be used to breakdown protein by hydrolysis or digestion
35
protein
larger amino acid chains consisting of one or more polypeptide
36
how many amino acids are required by humans to build our proteins
20 different amino acids | -while 8 called the essential amino acids need to be part of our diet
37
too much protein
kidney failure (clogs kidney with wastes)
38
too little protein
kwashiorkor (bellies swell because of water retention)
39
functions of proteins in cells
1. muscle fibres 2. enzymes 3. antibodies 4. some hormones 5. markers and receptors 6. active transport molecules
40
4 types of protein organization
1. primary 2. secondary 3. tertiary 4. quaternary
41
primary
``` amino acids (AA's) organized in linear arrangements -determined by DNA in the nucleus of the cell ```
42
secondary
primary structure is coils or pleated sheets
43
tertiary
spiral chains folded upon themselves to give a globular appearance
44
quaternary
several globular proteins bonded together | -example: hemoglobin molecules= 4 globin molecules bonded together
45
what happens when proteins is exposed to excess heat, radiation, or a change in pH
can change bonds and shape of protein
46
protein denaturation
occurs when the bonds holding the protein molecule together are disrupted -causes a temporary change in the protein's shape and properties
47
coagulation
a permanent change in protein's shape | -example: cooking an egg
48
nucleic acids
found in hereditary materials of a cell -made up of nucleotides joined by dehydration synthesis nucleotides are made up of 5 carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate and a nitrogen base
49
two types of nucleic acid
- DNA | - RNA
50
vitamins
group of organic substances that help in enzyme actions - made by plants - animals need them but dont make them, so they need to be taken in as food
51
important vitamins
1. vitamin A (beauty) 2. vitamin B (energy metabolism) 3. vitamin C (bones/teeth,immune system, connective tissue) 4. vitamin D (calcium absorption) bones/teeth
52
minerals
group of inorganic substances that have various functions
53
functions of minerals
1. maintain electrolyte balance in body fluids 2. act in the nerve and muscle cells 3. form structures such as teeth and bones 4. help in enzyme actions and in other macromolecules
54
important minerals
- calcium (growth of bones/teeth) - iron (blood hemoglobin) - iodine (part of a hormone called thyroxin) - potassium/sodium (nerve impulse)
55
positive test result in biuret's test for protein
blue reagent turns violet
56
negative test results in biuret's test
reagent turns blue
57
positive test result in iodine test for starch
iodine reagent turns blue/black
58
negative test result in iodine for starch
reagent turns yellow
59
positive test results in benedect's test reducing sugar
blue reagent turns orange/red
60
negative test results in benedict's test for reducing sugar
Reagent turns blue
61
positive test results in translucence test for fats
greasy spot produced on paper
62
negative test results for translucence test for fats
non greasy spot produced on paper

human system (3 decks)

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