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Bioleg Uned 2 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Nutrition provides:

A
  1. Energy to maintain life functions
  2. The raw materials to build and maintain structures
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2
Q

Where do living organisms get chemical energy from?

A

Nutrition

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3
Q

Autotrophic organisms

A

Makes their own food

using simple materials carbon dioxide and water

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4
Q

Photoautotrophic organisms

A

Use light as the energy sorce and perform photosynthesis to produce complex organic compounds

holophytic nutrition

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5
Q

What’s the name of organisms that uses light as the energy sorce and perform photosynthesis?

A

Photoautotrophic organisms

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6
Q

Whats the name of organisms that makes their own food?

A

Autotropic organisms

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7
Q

Chemoautotrophic organisms

A

Uses the energy from chemical rections to produce complex organic compounds

prokaryryotes -peform chemosynthesis less efficient than photosynthesis

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8
Q

What’s the name of organisms that uses the energy from chemical rections?

A

Chemoautotrophic organisms

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9
Q

Hetrotrophic organisms

A

Cannot make their own food. They consume complex organic conpounds, so they are consumers

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10
Q

What’s the name of organisms that cannot make their own food?

A

Hetrotrophic organisms

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11
Q

Saprotrophic

A

They feed on dead/decay matter. Secrete enzymes on tomaterial out side the body for extracellular digestion.

All fungi and some bacteria

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12
Q

Whats the name of organisms that feed on dead matter. Secrete enzymes on to material out side the body for extracellular digestion.

A

Saprotrophic organisms

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13
Q

Parasitic

A

Obtain nutrition from another living organism (the host). A parasite’s host always suffers some harm

Endoparasites live in the body
Exoparasites lives outside the body

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14
Q

What’s the name of an organism that obtain nutrition from the host. A parasite’s host always suffers some harm

A

Parasitic

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15
Q

Holozoic

A

Ingests, digests and egest the indigestible remains. Food is processed inside the body, in a specialised digestive system.

-most animals
- specialised digestive system

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16
Q

Whats the name of organisms that ingests, digests and egest the indigestible remains.

A

Holozoic

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17
Q

Mutualistic

A

Interaction between individials of a different species. **Both organisms benefit **

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18
Q

Whats the name of the organism when both organisms benifis from interaction between individials of a different species.

A

Mutualstic

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19
Q

Name a holozoic unicellular organism

A

Amoeba

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20
Q

Explain the digestion of amoeba

A

Large SA:VR
-obtain nutrition by diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active transport across the cell membrane
-Take in molecules by endocytosis into food vaculoes, which fuse with lysosmes - digested by lysosomal enzymes
-Products of digestion absorbed into cytoplasm
-Waste egested by exocytosis

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21
Q

Name the parts of hydra

A
  • Mouth
  • tentacle with sting opening
  • endoderm
  • jelly layer
  • ectoderm
  • hollow body cavity
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22
Q

Hydra

A

-Diploblastic (2 layers) endoderm and ectoderm
-sting and paralise pray - easy to eat other animals
-Endodermal cells secrete - protease and lipase
-Pray is digested extracellular
-Products of digestion abosrbed into cells that line the endoderm
-egest waste through the mouth

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23
Q

How many openings to the tube gut?

A

2

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24
Q

Where does the digestion and absorption occur in the human digestive system?

A

in the gut - a long holow muscular tuble

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25
What happens at the human mouth?
Ingestion
26
What happens in the human gut?
Digestion and absorption
27
Mechanical digestion
cutting and crushing by the teeth
28
Chemical digestion
Secretion of digestive enzymes
29
Name 2 protein digestion enzymes
1. Protease 2. Peptidase
30
What part of a polypeptide does exopeptidase hydrolise?
hydrolises end of peptide bonds
31
What part of a polypeptide does endopeptidase hydrolise?
Hydrolises the middle bonds of a polypeptide
32
Peristalsis
Moves food along the gut -longitudinal muscles and circular muscles contract - creates waves
33
Name 7 parts of the gut wall | in the oesophagus
1. Serosa 2. Longitudinal muscle 3. Cuircular muscle 4. Epithelium 5. Submucosa 6. Mucosa 7. Lumen
34
What's the function of the seorsa | in the oesophagus
Outer layer Protects the cut wall
35
What's the function of the longitudinal and circular muscle? | in the oesophagus
Behind the bolus, circular muscles contract and longitudinal muscles relax
36
Where is the epithelium found in the gut wall? | in the oesophagus
Surounding the lumen
37
What's the function of the Submucosa | in the oesophagus
Contains blood and lymph vessels, which remove absorbed products of digestion
38
What's the function of the Mucosa | in the oesophagus
Secretes digestive juices and in others, absorbed digestive foods
39
What's the function of the epithelium | in the oesophagus
Epithelium secrets mucus, lubricating and protecting the mucosa - reduces friction
40
What's the general name for carbohydrate-digesting enzymes? And name example?
Carbohydrase Amylase- hydrolises starch Maltaes- hydrolises Maltose
41
Name of the enzyme that's responsible for the digestion of fats
Lipase | Lipase brakes Tryglcerides into Glycerol and Fatty Acids
42
What's another name for the buccal cavity?
mouth | A mixture of mechanical and chemical digestion takes place
43
What happens in the buccal cavity?
Lips, tongue, teeth work together -capture + recive food -cut, grind, chew food into smaller pices -mix food with syliva - lubricates -forms bolus to make swallowing easier
44
Syliva in the buccal cavity
-slightly alkaine pH - optimum pH for enzyme activity -contains the enzyme salivary amylase
45
The oesophagus
transport food from the mouth to the gut
46
Name the 1 extra part of the gut wall in the stomach
Oblique muscles - allow extra contractions
47
Whats the difference between the mucosa in the oesophagus and the stomach?
Mucosa in the somach has large folds called rugae - increases surfae area - also contains gastric pits
48
What are the folds in the mucosa in the stomach called
rugae
49
Chemical digestion in the stomach
action of enzymes and hydrochloric acid | acidic condition will give optimum pH for enzymes + kills bacteria
50
Mechanical digestion
muscles contract and relax - churning (turning) the food
51
What's the name of the semi-liquid in the stomach?
Chyme
52
Where is gastric juice secreted from?
secreted from the glands in the depressions in th mucosa called the gastric pits
53
What are the depressions in the mucosa called?
Gastric pits
54
Zymogen/ cheif cells | in the stomach
Secretes enzymes
55
Pepsinogen (inactive) activated by H+ ions (hydrochloric acid) creates what?
Pepsin (endopeptidase)
56
Oxytic cells | in the stomach
sectetes hydrochloric acid HCl - lowers pH to around pH2 -optimum pH for peptide -Kills most bacteria in food -activates pepsin
57
Goblet cells | in the stomach
secretes mucus -protects the stomach wall from the enzymes -lubricates the food
58
Whats the pyloric sphincter?
-ring of muscles -letting things in and out of the stomach
59
Where in the body is the duodenum?
First 25cm of small intestine
60
Where does the duodenum recive sectetions from?
The liver and the pancreas | acceserory organs
61
Where is bile made, stored and passes through
-made in liver -stored in gall bladder -passes through the bile duct into the duodenum
62
Bile emulsifies lipids. What does this mean?
Bile brakes up large globules into smaller globules, which increases the surfaces area- more enzymes can react
63
Is bile alkaline or acidic and why?
alkaline so it nutrelises the acid in the food coming from the stomach
64
Ingestion
Taking food into the body throught the mouth
65
Digestion
brake down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules
66
Absorption
The passage of molecules and ions through the gut wall into the blood
67
Egestion
The elimination of waste not made by the body, including that cannot be digested, e.g cellulose
68
What's the function of endopeptidase in the duodenum? | Pancreatic secretion
Hydrolyses protein to peptides
69
What's the function of trypsinogen in the duodenum? | Pancreatic secretion
Inactive enzyme converted into the protaese tripsin by enterokinase
70
What's the function of Enterokinase in the duodenum? | Pancreatic secretion
Converts trypsinogen into tripsin
71
What's the function of amylase in the duodenum? | Pancreatic secretion
Digests any remaining starch to maltose
72
What's the function of lipase in the duodenum? | Pancreatic secretion
Hydrolyses lipids into fatty acids and glycerol
73
Name 5 enzymes that the pancreas secretes
1. Endopeptidase 2. Trypisinogen 3. Enterokinase 4. Amylase 5. Lipase
74
Exept for enzymes what else does the pancreas secrete?
Sodium hydrogen carbonate
75
What does sodium hydrogen carbonate do in the duodenum?
Raises pH to make pancreatic juice slightly alkaline and contributes to: * Neutralising acid from the stomach * Provides optimum pH for emzymes to work efficiently

Bioleg Uned 2 (3 decks)

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