Nutrition

Question 1

What is cud?

Answer 1

Food regurgitated back to the mouth is called cud

Question 2

Chewing the cud

Answer 2

Animals spend more time doing this action than they did initially when they ate the food. Releases fatty acids and gases ( CO2 and methane)
Large particles have 2 options:
- go back up the oesophagus for further mastication
- back in the rumen to be broken down further

Question 3

Omasum

Answer 3

Third compartment
- grinds and squeezes
- absorbs water and nutrients (fatty acids)
- filter out large food particles and return it to the reticulum

Question 4

Abomasum

Answer 4

Final compartment
- known as the true/actual stomach
- similar to the monogastric stomach
- hydrochloric acid and enzymes are secreted for nutrient breakdown
- symbiotic bacteria is also ingested here and is a main source of protein

Question 5

Reticulum

Answer 5

Separated from the rumen by a muscle fold. Contracts for mechanical digestion
- has a honeycomb filter that stops large particles entering the next area of the stomach

Question 6

Anus

Answer 6

Waste passes out of this section as faeces

Question 7

Rectum

Answer 7

Waste then passes through this section where it is compacted

Question 8

Large intestine

Answer 8

Most of the nutrients have been absorbed and the chyme is now semi solid
- no enzymes are made here
- water is absorbed back into the body
- some nutrients are absorbed here too

Question 9

Caecum

Answer 9

In most vertebrates, this is a large organ, containing micro-organisms specialized for digestion of cellulose

Question 10

Hindgut fermentation

Answer 10

Digestion of cellulose

Question 11

Active Transport

Answer 11

From low concentration to high concentration, requiring cellular work to achieve this

Question 12

Diffusion

Answer 12

From high concentration to low concentration

Question 13

Osmosis

Answer 13

Across a semipermeable membrane

Question 14

Small intestine Mucosa

Answer 14

Inner most layer of the intestinal wall
- consists of Villi - increase surface area for absorption , protects the gut lining
- Lacteals - absorbs fat and fat-soluble vitamins , lymph system also fights infections

Question 15

Muscle layers - types and role

Answer 15

Longitudinal and Circular muscle fibres
- the contraction of these muscles move the food

Question 16

Peristalsis

Answer 16

A series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

Question 17

Serosa

Answer 17

Smooth membrane surrounding the intestines reducing friction with other organs and muscle contraction

Question 18

Metabolism

Answer 18

The products of digestion are metabolised

Question 19

Metabolised

Answer 19

Broken down or built for the body to use

Question 20

Catabolic reaction

Answer 20

When larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules and energy

Question 21

Anabolic Reaction

Answer 21

When smaller molecules and energy build larger molecules

Question 22

Sphincters

Answer 22

Hold food (chyme) in the stomach long enough to break down before letting it into the small intestine for nutrient absorption

Question 23

Enzymes

Answer 23

Help to break down nutrients
Pepsin - breaks down proteins into amino acids
Gastric Lipase - continues to break down fats

Question 24

Mucus

Answer 24

Protects the stomach lining from the acidic contents and prevents auto-digestion

Question 25

Auto-digestion

Answer 25

Digestion of an organism’s own tissue by its own enzymes

Question 26

Stomach Mucosa

Answer 26

Inner lining of this organ and it is covered in gastric pits, which lead to gastric glands
- parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid
- chief cells secrete proteases
- neck cells secrete mucus

Question 27

Coprophagy

Answer 27

When animals eat a special kind of faeces called caecotroph. This gives the animal 2 chances at digesting the nutrients in their food , making their digestive systems very efficient.