Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biochemistry > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

(135 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What vitamin is related to Retinol?

A

Vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does Vitamin A come from?

A

There are 2 sources. Preformed vitamin A and Provitamin A carotenoids, which are cleaved in the middle to create Vitamin A.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three caretenoids that are cleaved to make vitamin A?

A

Alpha carotene, beta carotene and cryptoxanthin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is vitamin A found?

A

animal foods, dairy, eggs. (things with a face or a mother), or the caretonoids are found in green leafy veggies, or brightly colored fruits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Biological Roles of Vitamin A: both the preformed and carotenoids

A

Carotenoids have antioxidant activity. The preformed Vitamin A is important in Immune functions, bone growth, epithelium (kornification), reproduction, vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where is vitamin A stored?

A

in da liva!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is Vitamin A transported?

A

It is bound to retinol binding protein or be transported on VLDL / LDL. The carotenoids are transported in and our of the liver on lipoproteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Risks of deficiency of Vitamin A

A

Priamry deficiency: A deficiency in Zinc can lead to a deficiency in Vitamin A or from an impoverished diet. A secondary deficiency can come from very low fat diets or pancreatic insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How do you get Vitamin A toxicity?

A

From supplements or from Chronic Kidney Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are symptoms of Vitamin A toxicity?

A

increased cranial pressure, abdominal pain, nausea,headaches, coma,
chronic: osteoperosis, liver dysfunction, teratogenicity, hair loss, bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the upper limit of Carotenoid before it becomes toxic?

A

NO SUCH THING AS AN UPPER LIMIT, YOU FOOL!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where does Vitamin D come from?

A

There are two forms:
D2 / erocalciferol which comes from plants, fortified foods, and invertabrea,
D3 / cholecalciferol- which is made in the skin in response to sun light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How it Vitmain D metabolized?

A

Vitamin D is made into pre-vitamin D in the skin by sunlight. This preD is hydroxylated first by the liver and then by the kidney (due to the action of Parathyroid hormone) to make active vitamin D. Vitamin D, which is responsible for faciliating the absorption of calcium and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of vitamin D?

A

vitamin D triggers a nuclear receptor to increase calcium and phosphate absorption in the small intestine, and to increase calciu reabsoprtion in the kideny and from bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Risks of Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Limited Sun exposure, obesity, infants that are exclusively breast fed, people who are lactose intolerant, liver or kidney diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Manifestations of Vitamin D deficiency

A

In children: Rickets, and adults: osteomalcia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Manifestations of Vitamin D toxicity?

A

kidney stones!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

assessing Vitamin D

A

23(OH)D since it has a longer half-life, looking at calcium levels, PTH levels and DEXA scan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What forms does Vitamin E come in?

A

Alpha, beta, gamma and delta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where is vitamin E found?

A

Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables, supplements, olives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is vitamin E distributed and absorbed?

A

It is absorbed as part of chylomicrons, and stored in the liver. It is necessary to have alpha tocopherol transfer protein to load vitamin E onto VLDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What roles does Vitamin E play?

A

It functions as an antioxidant, prevents hemolysis, DNA repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is needed to regenerate Vitamin E?

A

Vitamin C is needed to make it an active antioxidant again

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Risks of Vitamin E deficiency

A

defect in Alpha-tocoperol transfer protein, or a lipid disorder where you dont secrete VLDL, and so you dont secrete vitmain E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Symptoms of vitmain E deficiency:
neuropathy, ataxia, retinopathy, RBC homolysis
26
How do you get Vitamin E toxicity?
supplement use, bro!
27
Risks of toxicity
excessive bleeding. do not use this before surgery.
28
What are the two dietary forms of Vitmain K?
Phylloquinone: found in plants/ green leafy vegetables | menaquinones: found in fermented foods, dairy and animal foods
29
Where is vitamin K stored?
in da liver!
30
What is the biochemical function of vitamin K?
It is carboxylated to GLA, which allows it to bind to calcium and trigger the clotting cascade
31
What does Warfarin do?
It prevents clotting by preventing regeneration of the active Vitamin K.
32
What are risk factors of having a vitamin K deficiency?
Malabsoprtion, liver disease, serosis, alcoholism
33
Symptoms of deficiency
bleeding,
34
What are the manifestations of vitaminK toxicity?
there arent any!!!
35
How is heme-iron abdorbed?
It is absorbed by heme carrier protein 1 in the small intestine. the heme is removed form iron and it is bound to ferratin
36
how is non-heme iron absorbed?
the fe3+ form that was liberated from the food matrix must be reduced by DcytB at the brush border. Vitamin C also helps to reduce the iron. The Fe2+ form is now absorbed by DCT1/ DMT1
37
What are factors that enhance non-heme iron absoprtion
Vitmain C and acids
38
What are some inhibitors of heme absorption?
oxalate (grains fruits and veggies), phytates (legumes, grains, rice) and polyphenols (tanic acid, tea and red wine), zinc and other divalent ions such as manganese and calcium.
39
What do vegetarians have to be careful of?
Vegetarians are in trouble because not only do they have decreased iron intake, but they also eat a great deal of the heme inhibitors.
40
How is iron regulated?
Hepcidin is released by the liver. Hepcidin interacts with ferroportin on the basolateral side of the membrane and signlas the cell to internalize it, thus decreasing the release of iron form the cell. These enterocytes are then sloughed off, and iron is released from the body.
41
Symptoms of Iron deficiency
anemia, fatigue, cold intolerance, impaired immunity, microcytic anemia. glossitis : atrophic tongue, angular stomatitis, concave nails
42
Iron Overload
Could happen due to a defect in hepcidin release from the liver, leading to way too much iron in the blood. blood letting helps
43
Where is copper absorbed
in the stomach and duodenum
44
Sources of copper?
liver, shellfish, meats, whole grains
45
What are some functions of copper?
It helps transport iron out of the enterocyte and into the blood stream, and it also acts as a cofactor for multiple enzymes in nerve function and transport of iron.
46
What are the transporters of copper?
CTR and DMT1
47
Describe the absorption of copper
it is absorbed in the enterocyte and bound to metallothionein until it is transported across the basolateral membrane
48
What do high doses of zinc lead to? How?
a deficiency in copper. High doses of copper upregulate metallothionen, but metallothionen binds to copper moer tightly than zinc, so all of the copper will be bound as a result of the zinc induced increase in metallothionen.
49
What causes a deficiency in copper?
upper GI surgery, zinc supplements, Menkes disease
50
what is menkes disease
A disease of transport into peripheral cells, where copper is stuck in the cell an cant be transported
51
what vitamin deficiency symptoms are similar to that of copper?
B12
52
Symptoms of copper defieicny
peripheral neuropathy, macro, micro or normo anemia, liver disease
53
Recommendations of weight gain for women who are | 1. underweight, 2. normal weight, 3. overweight 4. obese
1. 28-40 lbs 2. 25-35 lbs 3. 15-25 lbs 4. 11-20 lbs
54
what is fetal programming?
development of many diseases begins in the development of the fetus
55
how many more calories should a woman in her second and third trimester consume?
in the second trimester, an additional 340 kcal/day | in the third trimester, an additional 450 kcals/day
56
how much additional protein should a pregnant woman take?
25 g/day
57
how much additional fluids should a pregnant woman consume
3 L/day to maintain blood volume and termpature
58
How much folate should be added to a pregnant woman's diet
neural tube defects can be prevented by taking 360-800 mcg/day in the periconceptual period. doesnt matter during the actual pregnancy.
59
The RDA of which minerals increase in pregnancy?
Iron, Zinc, Iodine, Folate, fluid, protiein, energy
60
Manifestations of iodine deficiency in gestation/ adulthood
cretinism in development, goiter as an adult
61
Teratogens during pregnancy
vitamin A, alcohol, caffeine, sugar substitutes,
62
the needs of what goes down in breastfeeding women?
iron and folate because a lady is not menstruating
63
What is breast milk low in?
Vitamin D and iron
64
...most children double their birth weight in
4-6 months
65
height should be doubled in
12 months
66
What is supplemeted in breast fed infants?
Iron at 4 months, Vitamin D and flouride at one year.
67
What should be supplemeted in formula fed babies?
iron and flouride 6 mo. - 1 yr
68
definition of organic v. non-organic FTT
organic: child with underlying problem | non-organic: no known medical problem
69
When does a toddlers appeptite begin to decrease from the insanely high needs?
around 1 years
70
Vat is ze female athlete triad?
disordered eating, amenorrhea (no period), osteoperosis
71
sarcopenia
a decrease in FFM, increase in fat
72
what do you measure when assessing pancreatitus
amylase of lipase
73
congenital lactase deficiency
infants dont have lactase
74
congenital lactose intolerance
defect in absoprtion.. absorbed in the stomach and goes into circulation. not good.
75
Primary LNP
permanent loss of lactase
76
secondary LNP
associated with actue damage to the bowel, irreversible
77
how is the severity of LNP determined?
the ability to fermet short chain FA
78
how to treat LNP
with Beta-galactosidase, you fool!
79
an unexplained iron deficiency could be indicative of?
celiacs disease due to the destruction of the mucosal lining
80
causes of pancreatitus
alcohol, abdominal injury, gall stones , all of which stop the release of pancreatic enzymes
81
When should protein be restricted in the setting of kidney disease?
Only when the patient is on dialysis should protein be supplemented. restrict protein when not on dialysis.
82
secondary hyperparathyroidism
in kideny disease the low amounts of calcium in the blood due to the inability of the kidney to activate vitamin D which increases calcium absorption, so PTH is released to increase calciums stoers.
83
albumin is linked to ?
hydration status. if someone is over hydrated, albumin decreases
84
In CKD sodium should be
decreased
85
In CKD potassum should be
maintained. hyperkalemia can be life threatening
86
erythropoiten is a consideration in which disease?
Kidney disease.
87
Another name for Vitmain D
D2: ergo calciferol D3: cholecalciferol
88
Another name for Vitamin K
Phyllaquinon and Menaquinone. Remeber the Q..theres a Q in qumadin, which is involved in blood clotting.
89
How does one get rickets?
from a calcium assocaited vitamin D deficiency
90
What are some functions of Vitamin C?
iron absorption, collagen synthesis
91
What are symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?
impraied bone growth, swollen gums and teeth
92
upperlimit of vitamin c? what does it cause?
Diarrhea, bloating, 2g/day
93
Another name for Thiamin?
B!
94
Where is thiamin found?
whole grains
95
what is thiamin important for?
NADPH biosynthesis: transketolae in the PPP, energy metabolism: pyruvate dehydrogenase, synthesis of acetycholine glutamate, GABA
96
Diseases associated with Thiamin deficiency
Beriberi wet --> tachychardia, edema, herat failure, dry: peripheral neuropathy and calf tenderness. Wenicke encepalopathy and karsakoff's psychosis: confabulation
97
Sources of Niacin
tryptophan, whole grains
98
What is niacin important for?
synthesis of FA, DNA repair, glutamate synthesis , people with hartnups disease
99
manifestations of niacin deficiency
pellegra, the 4 Ds
100
What is folate important in?
Nucelotide synthesis and methylation. also the conversion of homocysteine to methionine. methyl THF --> THF
101
symptoms of deficiency
megaloblastic anemia, neural tube defect
102
Why is B12 important?
if it a cofactor for methionine synthesis
103
Who is at risk for deficiency?
Elderly due to GI problems and lack of instinsic factor,
104
manifestations of copper deficiency
neuropathy and periphral neuropathy?
105
What do saturated fats do?
They increase total LDL and HDL
106
What do trans fats do?
They increase LDL and either reduce or dont change HDL
107
What do MUFAs and PUFAs do?
They reduce LDL and remain neutral to HDL.
108
Importance of fiber in CVD?
Fiber delays gastric emptying, it triggers the ileal break, It also binds bile acis and cholesterol for excretion
109
high intake of Fructose shown to
cause VLDL synthesis, increased TAGs, liver fat,obesity and insulin reistanc
110
Components of the dash diet?
low sodium, supplement potassium, low saturated fats and cholesterols, fiber and morderate protein
111
Vegans require supplementation of
b12, fe, calcium and vitamin D
112
definition of under weight
low weight for age
113
definition of wasting
low weight/height
114
definition of stunting
low hight for age
115
ascites accompanies what diease?
liver disease
116
what is ascites due to?
it is due to the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal space and it also due to elevated hydrostatic pressure from portal hypertension and from decreased plasma pressure from decreased albumin
117
how to treat ascites?
treat with paracentesis, diuretcs, and dietary restriction of sodium
118
NAFLD is caused by?
failrue to supress lipolysis of adipose tissue, and insulin resistance, along wth increased TG syntheis and FA oxidation is inhibitied
119
reestrct orotein with or withour encephalopathy?
only restrict protein if encepalopathy exists
120
encepalopathy and ascites are in which disease?
liver disease
121
When do you supplement protein in renal disease?
only when GFR <25
122
actiavted vitamin D does what in the body?
1. calcium and po4 release from the bone 2. calcoum reabsorption and po4 excretion from kideny intestinal ca and po4 absoprtion
123
patients not on dialysis should have how much protein?
.6-.8
124
types of LNP
primary: irreversible seconday: with disease, reverisble
125
which is more scientific. the RDA or the AI?
the RDA
126
wha is the primary determinant of BEE
ffm
127
is albumin a measure of nutritional status in the setting of acute illlness
no!
128
Who benefits from nutritional support?
pre-op patients with severe PEM. inpatients with alcoholic liver disease, patients undergoing bonemarrow, patients with moderate to severe malnutrition who can tmeet those needs wthin 48 hours, an acutely ill patient but unlikely to meet needs within next 7-10 days
129
leptin
is made by fat cells, so is proportional to fat, and acts on the hypothalmus to decrease food intake
130
thiamin participates in the synthesis of
GABA and acetylcholine
131
B12 and folate are responsbile of the conversion of what?>
homocysteine to methionine
132
folate deficiency results in what type of anemia?
macrocytic anemia
133
thiamin participates in the synthesis of?
GABA and acetylcholine
134
folate converts
homocysteine to methionine
135
folate deficiency results in what kin dof anemia?
macrocytic

Biochemistry (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions