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Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

The major nutritional problems which affect vast segment of our population are:

A
  1. Low birth weight
  2. Undernutrition
  3. Xerophthalmia
  4. Nutritional anemia
  5. Iodine deficiency
  6. Endemic flurosis
  7. Lathyrism
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2
Q

LBW (ie.

A

birth weight < 2500 g) is a major public health problem in many developing countries

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3
Q

Among the causes of LBW

A

Maternal Malnutrition and anaemia appear to be significant risk factors in its occurrence.

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4
Q

In countries where the proportion of LBW is high

A

the majority are suffering from foetal growth retardation

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5
Q

In countries where the proportion of LBW is low

A

most of them are preterm.

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6
Q

The term undernutrition encompasses stunting (chronic malnutrition)

A

wasting (acute malnutrition) and underweight.

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7
Q

Under nutrition is not only an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality

A

but also leads to permanent impairment of physical and possibly of mental growth of those who survives.

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8
Q

“Protein energy malnutrition” is a type of malnutrition resulting from

A

resulting from deficiency of proteins & calorie in food over a long period of time.

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9
Q

Protein energy malnutrition is primarily due to

A

a) An inadequate intake of food (food gap) both in quantity & quality.
b) infection, diarrhea,measles,intestinal worms,resp infection

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10
Q

It is a vicious circle - includes

A

infection contributing to malnutrition and malnutrition contribution to infection

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11
Q

Causes of protein energy malnutrition

A

Nutritional factors
infectious factors
social factors

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12
Q

Nutritional factors

A

Decreased food intake
increased requirement by body decreased absorption and utilisation excessive loss of proteins and calories

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13
Q

Infectious factors

A

Vicious cycle with malnutrition

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14
Q

Social factors

A

PIL COF
Poverty, overcrowding
, illuteracy, ignorance,
large family size ,
poor mental health,
lactation failure ,improper weaning, faulty feeding practices
,food cooking practices, cultural beliefs

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15
Q

Malnutrition is self perpetuating

A

Child’s nutrition status at any point of time depends on his or her passed nutritional history

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16
Q

Nutritional history is linked to mothers health and nutritional status

A

Nutritional status of
Women of child bearing age
pregnant women
lactating women
Neonatal and infant
girls nutritional status
nutritional status at puberty

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17
Q

Types of undernutrition

A

Weight for age
Height for age
Weight for height
The three indices- weight for age, height for age, weight for height are used to identify three nutritional conditions underweight stunting wasting respectively

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18
Q

Underweight

A

Weight for age

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19
Q

Stunting

A

Height for age

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20
Q

Wasting

A

Weight for height

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21
Q

Underweight

A

Wait for age z score less than two standard deviation below the median in the w h o child growth standards
It is a composite measure of stunting and wasting
Can be due to either chronic or acute malnutrition
Basic indicator of status of population health has weight is easily measurable

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22
Q

Stunting

A

Height for age less than to standard deviation
Failure to achieve expected height as compared to healthy welder is children of the same age is sign of stunting. Stunting is an indicator of linear growth retardation that results from failure to receive adequate nutrition over long period or recurrent adequate nutrition over a long period or recurrent infections It is an indicator of fast growth failure

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23
Q

Wasting

A

Weight for height z score at least two standard deviation below the median for the who child growth charts
Wasting indicates current or actual malnutrition resulting from failure to gain weight or actual weight loss

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24
Q

Severe acute malnutrition

A

It is defined by very low birth weight for height z score below 3 standard deviation of the median who child growth charts.
mid arms circumference less than 115 mm or by the presence of nutritional edema
Sam increases significantly the risk of death in children under 5 years of age

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25
Kwashiorkor
Severe form of under nutrition which develops in individuals on diet with low protein by energy ratio main symptoms are edema, wasting ,liver enlargement, hypo albumenia, steatosis and possible depigmentation of skin and hair
26
Features of kwashiorkor
UG FHSM POMA Proteins Dullapathetic disinterest bloated moon face lustre sparse flag sign flaky paint dermatosis mental changes present muscle wasting masked edema present prognosis bad appetite poor
27
Marasmus
Is caused by inadequate intake of both protein and energy it is a form of severe cachexia with weight loss or as a result of wasting in infancy and childhood the main symptoms are severe wasting with little or no edema minimum subcutaneous fat severe muscle wasting and non normal serum albumin level
28
Features of marasmus
Calories alert and irritable monkey face thin silky texture no skin changes no mental changes muscle wasting obvious no edema prognosis is good appetite is good
29
Early detection of PEM
The first indicator of pem is underweight for age it is a most practical method to detect this it is to maintain growth chart arms circumference yields at relativity reliable estimation of bodies muscle mass the reduction of which is one of the most tracking mechanism by which the body adjust to inadequate energy intake
30
Circumference cannot be used before the age of
31
Shakir step front side and backside
Front side colour coding Red from 0 to 11.5 CM yellow from 11.5 to 12.5 CM green from 12.5 to 26.5 cm optionally includes u n i c e f logo Back side Instructions and diagrammatic drawings in four languages Spanish French English Arabic and also 5 steps in taking the measurement
32
Table for measurement mid arm circumference
More than 13.5 CM not malnourished 11.5 to 13.5 CM moderatelymalnourished less than 11.5 CM severely malnourished
33
Preventive measures of pem
Health promotion specific protection early diagnosis and treatment rehabilitation
34
Health promotion
Measure director to pregnant and lactating women promotion of breast feeding development of low cost weaning food measures to improve family diet nutritional education family planning and spacing of birth family environment Home economics
35
Specific protection
The child diet must contain protein and energy rich foods milk egg fresh fruits should be given immunization food fortification
36
Early diagnosis and treatment
Periodic surveillance Early diagnosis of any lagging growth early diagnosis and treatment of infections and area deworming of heavily infested children development of programs early rihydration of children with area development of supplementary feeding programs during epidemic
37
Rehabilitation
Nutritional rehabilitation services hospital treatment follow upcare
38
What is xerophthalmia?
Xerophthalmia refers to all the ocular manifestations of Vitamin A deficiency.
39
In which age group is xerophthalmia most common?
Xerophthalmia is most common in children aged 1-3 years.
40
What are the associated risk factors for xerophthalmia?
Associated risk factors include ignorance, faulty feeding practices, and infections, particularly diarrhea and measles.
41
What are the short-term actions for prevention and control of xerophthalmia?
Short-term actions include the administration of large doses of Vitamin A orally to vulnerable groups on a periodic basis.
42
What is an example of a medium-term action for xerophthalmia prevention?
Medium-term actions include fortification of certain foods with Vitamin A; addition of Vitamin A dalda in India is a typical example.
43
What are the long-term actions aimed at preventing xerophthalmia?
Long-term actions are aimed at the reduction or elimination of factors contributing to ocular disease.
44
What is an example of a dietary recommendation to prevent xerophthalmia?
To consume dark green leafy vegetables or foods rich in Vitamin A.
45
What is one of the focuses of the national program for the prevention of nutritional blindness?
Promoting consumption of vitamin A rich food by pregnant and lactating mothers and children under 5 years of age.
46
What is the administration schedule for Vitamin A in children under 5 years?
First dose of 100,000 IU with measles vaccination at nine months, followed by subsequent doses of 200,000 IU every six months until the age of 5 years.
47
What should be done for sick children with xerophthalmia?
All children with xerophthalmia should be treated at health facilities; all cases of severe malnutrition should receive one additional dose of Vitamin A.
48
What is Nutritional Anaemia?
A condition in which the haemoglobin content of blood is lower than normal due to a deficiency of one or more essential nutrients.
49
Who is most affected by Nutritional Anaemia?
It is especially found among women of childbearing age, young children, and during pregnancy and lactation.
50
What causes iron deficiency?
Iron deficiency can arise from inadequate intake, poor bio-availability of dietary iron, or excessive losses of iron from the body.
51
What is a major reason for widespread iron deficiency?
Poor bio-availability of iron.
52
How do women lose iron?
Women lose a considerable amount of iron especially during menstruation.
53
What is megaloblastic anemia?
A type of anemia that is not frequently encountered in the general population and may be masked by widespread iron deficiency (microcytic anemia).
54
What are the detrimental effects of pregnancy anemia?
Increases the risk of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity, including abortions, premature births, postpartum hemorrhage, and low birth weight.
55
How can infections relate to anemia?
Anemia can be caused or aggravated by parasitic diseases; iron deficiency may impair cellular response and immune functions, increasing susceptibility to infections.
56
What is the impact of anemia on work capacity?
Even mild anemia causes significant impairment of maximal work capacity.
57
What interventions are necessary for severe anemia?
If hemoglobin is less than 10 g/dl, high doses of iron or blood transfusion may be necessary.
58
What is the recommended intervention for hemoglobin levels between 10-12 g/dl?
Iron and folic acid supplementation is advised.
59
What is the 'Anemia Mukt Bharat Campaign'?
A government of India initiative to prevent nutritional anemia targeting at-risk groups like pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children under 12 years.
60
How is eligibility for the Anemia Mukt Bharat Campaign determined?
It is determined by the level of hemoglobin of the patient.
61
What is advised if hemoglobin is between 10 and 12 g/dl?
Daily supplementation with iron and folic acid tablets is advised.
62
What should be done if hemoglobin is less than 10 g/dl?
The patient should be referred to the nearest primary health center.

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