Final Exam Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
Fat Atwater factor
A
37
2
Q
Alcohol Atwater factor
A
29
3
Q
Protein AMDR
A
15-25%
4
Q
Carb AMDR
A
45-65%
5
Q
Fat AMDR
A
20-35%
6
Q
Link between two sugar molecules
A
Glycosidic link
7
Q
Storage form for glucose in plants
A
Starch
8
Q
Dietary fibre must either:
A
Promote laxation
Reduce blood cholesterol
Regulate blood sugars
9
Q
Main component of dietary fibre
A
Non-starch polysaccharides
10
Q
Resistant starch
A
Dietary fibre that is fermented by gut bacteria, feeds gut bacteria
11
Q
Galactose and fructose turned into glucose in:
A
Liver
12
Q
High GI
A
70-100
13
Q
Medium GI
A
56-69
14
Q
Low GI
A
0-55
15
Q
IBS more prevalent in
A
Women
Under 50
16
Q
How many indispensable (essential) amino acids?
A
9
17
Q
How many dispensable amino acids?
A
5
18
Q
How many conditionally dispensable amino acids?
A
6
19
Q
Primary protein structure
A
Linear sequence of amino acids
20
Q
Secondary protein structure
A
Stabilised by hydrogen bonds
21
Q
Tertiary protein structure
A
Final shape protein assumes
22
Q
Quaternary protein structure
A
Multiple polypeptide chains assemble to form protein complex
23
Q
Transamination is used to make
A
Dispensable amino acids
24
Q
Amino acids travel to
A
Liver via hepatic portal vein
25
Fatty acids structure
Methyl group at one end, carbonyl at the other
26
Short fatty acid chain length
2-6
27
Medium fatty acid chain length
8-12
28
Long fatty acid chain length
>14
29
Very long fatty acid chain length
>22
30
Most fatty acids in the diet have ____ C
10-22
31
Lipids make up ___% of dry weight of brain
60
32
What interacts with NSAIDs?
Prostaglandins
33
Chylomicrons
Transport dietary lipids from intestine to tissues and liver
34
Digestion of fats occurs in
Small intestine
35
Fats end up in
Lymph system
36
VLDL formed in
Liver
37
VLDL function
Delivers lipids from liver to cells
38
LDL function
Transports lipids to cells, or travels back to the liver
39
HDL produced in
Liver
40
HDL function
Picks up cholesterol from cells and takes it to liver.
Also transports other lipoproteins
41
Total blood cholesterol is made up of
10% VLDL
65% LDL
25% HDL
42
Alcohol making process
Glucose -> pyruvate -> acetaldehyde -> ethanol
43
What % of alcohol is absorbed in stomach?
20%
44
ADH found
Mainly in liver
Also in stomach, pancreas, and brain
45
Assists first step of alcohol metabolism
ADH
46
Assists second step of alcohol metabolism
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
47
Assists third step of alcohol metabolism
CoA
48
Feeling of well-being
<0.05
49
Risky state
0.05-0.08
50
Dangerous state
0.08-0.15
51
Drunken stupor
0.2-0.4
52
Death
0.45-0.6
53
Energy used by different functions %
Resting metabolism 60%
Physical activity 32%
Thermic effect 8%
54
What has insulin receptors?
Skeletal muscle
Liver
Fat
55
Hypoglycaemia
<4 mmol/L
56
Typical renal threshold
10 mmol/L
57
Underweight BMI
<18.5
58
Overweight BMI
25-29.9
59
Obesity BMI
30-39.9
60
Water input from beverages
550-1500 mL
61
Water input from food
100-500 mL
62
Endogenous water input
200-300 mL
63
Total water input
1450-2800 mL
64
Water requirement mL/kJ
0.23-0.36 mL/kJ
65
Mild dehydration %
2-5%
66
Moderate dehydration
6-10%
67
% of calcium absorbed
25-30%
68
Promoters of calcium passive diffusion
Proteins/amino acids
Lactose
Acidic gut
69
Inhibitors of calcium passive diffusion
Oxalate
Positively charged minerals
Phytate
70
Increased blood calcium causes secretion of
Calcitonin by thyroid
71
Decreased blood calcium causes secretion of
PTH by parathyroid, stimulates activation of vitamin D
72
% of iodine absorbed
100%
73
How long does it take for iodine deficiency to develop?
~3 months
74
Iodised salt has ____ mg iodine per kg
25-65 mg
75
Inorganic forms of selenium
Selenite
Selenised yeast
76
Organic forms of selenium
Selenomethionine
Selenocysteine
77
% of selenium absorbed
80%
78
Selenium sources
Seafood
Organ and muscle meats
Dairy
Also mushrooms, Brazil nuts and garlic
79
White muscle disease cause by
Selenium deficiency
80
Keshan’s disease caused by
Selenium deficiency
81
% of fluoride absorbed
100%
82
% of heme iron absorbed
25-30%
83
% of non-heme iron absorbed
5-15%
84
Iron absorption inhibitors
Tannins
Phytate
Possibly calcium
85
% of body iron that is hemoglobin
~67%
86
Enhancers of zinc absorption
Flesh foods
87
Inhibitors of zinc absorption
Phytate
Iron supplements
88
Thiamin
B1
89
Niacin
B3
90
Beriberi cause
Thiamin deficiency
91
B6 deficiency and toxicity symptoms
Tingling and numbness of legs
92
Riboflavin
B2
93
Pantothenic acid
B5
94
Pyrodoxine
B6
95
Folate
B9
96
Biotin
B7
97
Cobalamin
B12
98
Folate found in
Legumes
Fruit
Vegetables
99
Thiamin found in
Whole grains
Marmite
Nuts
Legumes
100
Riboflavin found in
Dairy
Meat and offal
Marmite
Eggs
101
Niacin found in
Meat
Legumes
Grains
Peanuts
Marmite
102
Thiamin pyrophosphate functions
Converts pyruvate to acetylene CoA
Assists TCA cycle
Nervous system
103
Ethanol uses _______ for metabolism
Thiamin
104
Wernicke-Korsakoff
Neurological disorder linked to chronic alcohol use
105
How much thiamin added to flour is Australia?
6.4 mg/kg
106
What can tryptophan be made into?
Niacin
107
Pellagra caused by
Niacin deficiency
108
What interferes with tryptophan conversion?
Leucine
109
Pellagra symptoms
Rash
Confusion
Hallucinations
110
What is diagnosed with the 4 D’s?
Pellagra
111
What helps niacin absorption?
Lime
112
Niacin found in
Mainly animal foods
Also peanuts, green peas, brown rice, and wheat
113
Pantothenic acid needed for
CoA
RBC synthesis
Neuron activity
Antibody production
114
Pantothenic acid sources
Organ meats
Whole grains
Mushrooms
Avocado
Broccoli
115
Pyridoxine function
Metabolism of amino acids and CHO
Synthesis of serotonin
116
Pyridoxine sources
Most meats
Soy
Nuts
Lentils
Fruit
Vegetables
117
Biotin function
Glycogen and fat synthesis
Amino acid metabolism
118
Biotin deficiency and toxicity prevalence
Rare
119
NTDs cause
Folic acid deficiency
120
Intrinsic factor function
Helps absorb B12
121
L-ascorbic acid oxidised into
L-dehydroascorbic acid
122
Reduced form of ascorbic acid function
Donates electrons to stabilise free radicals
123
Which vitamin is more in blood when body is under stress?
C
124
Vitamin C function
Synthesises collagen
Fe2+ -> Fe3+
Dopamine -> noradrenaline
Activation of neuropeptides
Lysine -> carnitine
Cortisol production
125
Vitamin C absorption at 30-120 mg
90%
126
Vitamin C absorption at 1000 mg
75%
127
Vitamin C absorption at 2000 mg
44%
128
Vitamin C body pool
1500-2500 mg
129
Vitamin A covers
Retinol and related structures
Provitamin A carotenoids
130
Retinol comes from
Animal foods
131
Retinal comes from
Plant foods
132
How is retinal formed?
Beta-carotene cleaved in two
133
Which is better absorbed: retinoids or beta-carotene?
Retinoids
134
1 ug RE =
1 ug retinol
6 ug beta-carotene
12 ug other carotenoids
135
Fat soluble vitamins transported in
Chylomicrons
136
Retinol used for
Reproduction
Storage form of vitamin A
137
Retinal used for
Vision
Conversion of retinol -> retinoic acid
138
Retinoic acid used for
Protein synthesis
Cell differentiation
Growth and embryonic development
Keeps eye moist
139
Rhodopsin found
In cells in retina
140
Rhodopsin made of
Opsin and vitamin A
141
Vitamin A a.k.a
Cis retinal
142
What happens to retinal when rhodopsin absorbs light?
Cis changes to trans
143
Retinoids sources
Eggs
Dairy
144
Vitamin A toxicity causes
Birth defects
Death
145
Vitamin K1
Phylloquinone
146
Vitamin K2
Menaquinone
147
K1 found
In green plants
148
K2 found
In intestine, produced by bacteria
149
How many variants of K2?
M1-14
150
K3
Menadione (synthetic)
151
Vitamin K sources
Leafy greens
Canola oil
Fermented foods
152
What % of K is made in intestines?
50%
153
Vitamin K functions
Blood clotting
Bone metabolism
Inflammation
Prevents oxidative damage in brain
Sphingolipid synthesis
154
Newborn babies given ___ injection
K
155
Vitamin K injection helps with
Bile production and fat metabolism
156
Vitamin E functions
Antioxidant
Stabilises cell membranes
Protects plasma lipid proteins from oxidative damage
Protects vitamin A from oxidation
157
Least toxic fat-soluble vitamin
E
158
E sources
Oils
Nuts and seeds
Whole grains
Green vegetables
