Nutrition Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What are the 6 classes of essential nutrients?
A
- Water
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Proteins
- Minerals
- Vitamins
2
Q
How many amino acids are there?
A
23
3
Q
How many essential amino acids are there?
A
10
4
Q
What is an essential amino acid for a cat?
A
Taurine
5
Q
What are the 10 essential amino acids?
A
- Phenylalanine
- Valine
- Tryptophan
- Threonine
- Isoleucine
- Methionine
- Histidine
- Arginine
- Leucine
- Lysine
6
Q
What does BV mean?
A
Biological value
7
Q
What is the biological value?
A
the quality of protein this varies according to the amount of amino acids it contains
8
Q
What should a protein with a high biological value be?
A
Acceptable, Digestible and utilisable
9
Q
What are some sources of protein?
A
Meats, fish, eggs and milk. Soya and cereals
10
Q
Where are the highest amounts of protein found?
A
In the muscles
11
Q
Ad Libitum
A
Free choice feeding
12
Q
Adipose tissue
A
Fatty tissue
13
Q
Anorexia
A
Loss of appetite
14
Q
Ascorbic Acid
A
Vitamin A
15
Q
Biological Value
A
Protein quality
16
Q
Cachectic
A
Extreme weight loss and subsequent poor body condition
17
Q
Caecal Pellets
A
moist faecal pellets passed by rabbits at night that are eaten
18
Q
Carapace
A
the shell of a tortoise or terrapin
19
Q
Crystalluria
A
the formation of crystals in urine
20
Q
Deanimation
A
a process of hydrolysis taking place in the liver by which amino acids are broken down and urea formed
21
Q
Eclampsia
A
Acute toxaemia of pregnancy
22
Q
Elimination diet
A
A diet containing a novel protein source used to diagnose dietary sensitivity and pinpoint the protein to which the animal is unable to tolerate
23
Q
Enostosis
A
A tumour or bony growth within the medullary cavity of a bone
24
Q
Goitre
A
Enlarged thyroid gland
25
Homeostasis
a tendency of biological system to maintain stability while continually adjusting to conditions that are optimal for survival
26
Hyperkalaemia
Excessive blood potassium
27
Hyperkeratosis
Hypertrophy of the horny layers of the skin
28
Hypernatraemia
Excessive blood sodium
29
Hyperplasia
Excessive formation of normal cells in a tissue or organ which subsequently increases in size
30
Hypertension
Consistently high blood pressure
31
Hypertrophy
An increase in the size of a tissue or a structure cause by and increase in the size of the cells that compose it
32
Hypocalcaemia
insufficient blood calcium
33
Hypokalaemia
Insufficient blood potassium
34
Hyponatraemia
Insufficient blood sodium
35
Life stage diet
a diet designed to meed the nutritional requirements of an animal at a certain period in its life
36
Malocclusion
An abnormality of dental development causing overlapping of the bite
37
Mega-Oesophagus
Flaccid dilation of the oesophagus impairing the passage of food from the pharynx to the stomach
38
Metabolism
the sum of the physical and chemical processes by which living organised substance is built up and maintained (anabolism), and by which large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules to make energy available to the organism (catabolim)
39
Nutrient
food; any substance that nourishes
40
Nutrition
the sum of the process involved in the taking in of nutrients and assimilating and utilising them
41
Obesity
Describes an animal 15% or more over its optimum weight
42
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas
43
Pansteatitis
Yellow fat disease
44
Pica
depraved appetite
45
Polydipsia
Increased thirst
46
Retinol
Vitamin A
47
Rickets
a nutritional disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D; this leads to altered calcium and phosphorous metabolism which consequently disturbs the ossification of bone
48
Thermogenesis
The production of heat
49
Urolithiasis
The formation of calculi in the urinary tract
50
Ventriculus
Gizzard
51
Volvulus syndrome
twisting of a loop of bowel causing obstruction.
52
What is the function of protein?
- important structural role and an essential component of tissues e.g muscles and hair
- combines with other nutrients to form enzymes and hormones to regulate metabolism
- necessary for the formulation of antibodies
- can be used to supply energy
53
What can indicate a protein deficiency?
- lack of appetite (anorexia)
- loss of bodyweight/ poor growth
- loss of coat condition
- impaired immune function
54
What are the characteristics of a high quality protein?
must be well digested and absorbed
| have a balanced amino acid profile
55
What do fats consist of?
triglycerides
56
What are the sources of fats?
animal - dairy produce, meats, fish
| vegetable - seeds, oils, nuts
57
What is the function of fats?
- concentrated energy source
- aids absorption of fat soluble vitamins ADEK
- Increases palatability
- source of essential fatty acids (EFA)
- Linoleic acid
- Linolenic acid
Arachidonic (essential for cats)
58
What are the signs of an essential fatty acids deficiency?
- Skin lesions (abdomen, thighs)
- poor coat condition
- impaired wound healing
- reproductive failure
59
What are the sources of carbohydrates?
Animal - small amounts in animal flesh (quickly lost after death) and milk sugar (lactose)
Vegetable - fruit sugars, starches from cereal and root vegetables
60
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
- cheap energy source
- not generally considered to be an essential nutrient for cats and dogs, as they can maintain blood sugar levels through synthesis mainly from amino acids.
61
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
ADEK
62
What are the water soluble vitamins?
B and C
63
What is Vitamin A used for?
Maintaining internal and external linings and is necessary for a healthy reproductive tract.
64
What are the signs of a vitamin A deficiency?
Watery eyes, a rough hair coat, reduced growth rate.
65
What is vitamin D used for?
regulates the absorption of calcium and phosphorus.
66
How do animals get vitamin D?
they make their own when exposed to sunlight
67
What is the function of vitamin E?
Promotes good health
68
What can a vitamin E deficiency cause?
Failure in the reproductive system
69
What is vitamin K used for?
Blood clotting
70
Why isn't vitamin K necessary in the diet?
It is produced by bacteria in the digestive system
71
What are minerals?
inorganic elements found in small amounts in the body
72
What does inorganic mean?
the substance does not contain carbon
73
Major minerals?
required in large quantities
74
Trace minerals
required in very small quantities
75
What is the function of selenium?
involved in goeth, fertility and cancer control
76
What is the function of iron?
carrying oxygen in the blood
77
What is the function of cobalt?
red blood cell production, nerve function (with vitamin b12)
78
What is the function of Manganese?
Sex hormones and fertility, nerve function, blood and bone formation, vitamin and enzyme function.
79
What is the function of copper?
Haemoglobin production, bone, fur and skin, nerves and enzymes.
80
What is the function of zinc?
Growth, skin, claw and fur formation, wound healing, enzyme and vitamin activity, digestion, proper formation of reproductive organs in young animals.
81
What is the function of magnesium?
nerve and muscle function, bone growth, temperature control.
82
What is the function of iodine?
thyroid function, maintaining good condition of arteries
83
What is the function of sulphur?
feather quality, protein quality, fertility
84
What is the function of calcium?
nerve and muscle function, female health, young animal growth.
85
What is the function of water?
- Solvent in which the chemistry of life occurs
- cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium
- water carries metabolic wastes away from cells
- stabilises body temperature
86
What does water do in the digestive tract?
aid digestion by hydrolysis
87
What are macronutrients?
Nutrients needed in relatively large quantities
88
What are micronutrients?
Nutrients needed in smaller quantities
89
What are examples of monosaccharides?
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
90
What are monosaccharides?
Simple sugars
91
What are disaccharides?
Two molecules of monosaccharides linked together
92
What are examples of disaccharides?
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
93
What enzymes control digestion of disaccharides?
Disaccharidases
94
What would it be bad to feed older animals a large quantity of lactose containing products?
The activity of lactase decreases with age and could result in diarrhoea
95
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbohydrates - consist of vast numbers of linked monosaccharides molecules
96
What are examples of polysaccharides?
Starch
Glycogen
Fibre
97
What polysaccharides make up dietary fibre or roughage?
Cellulose
Pectin
Lignin
98
What enzyme hydrolyses starch?
Amylase
99
How are dietary fibres broken down in the digestive tract?
Bacterial fermentation in the colon
100
What are the functions of dietary fibre?
Increase bulk and water of intestinal contents
AIDS the correction and prevention of obesity
Regulation of gut transit time and bowel movements
101
What is the function of insoluble fibre?
Act as bulking (laxative) agents and prevent constipation
102
What is a function of soluble fibre?
Help regulate blood glucose
103
What are the effects of excessive dietary fibre?
Flatulence and borborygmi
Increased bowel movements
Increases faecal output
Constipation, Sue to the bulking effect (particularly if insufficient water is being consumed)
104
What are triglycerides composed of?
1 molecules of glycerol and 3 molecules of fatty acids
105
What are the essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid
linolenic acid
arachidonic acid
106
What can result in a taurine deficiency in cats?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
central retinal degeneration leading to blindness
reproductive problems
impaired immune function
