nutrition

Question 1

nutritional requirements must be met for

Answer 1

• essential nutrients must be replaced for loss and to allow the growth of new tissues
• energy to permit metabolic functions
• maintenance, growth and development
• development of immunity

Question 2

Phases of child growth

Answer 2

• infancy= nutrition led
• childhood= growth hormone led
• pubertal= sex steroid led

Question 3

EAR stands for

Answer 3

estimated average requirement which means 50% of the population will need more than this value and 50% of the population will need less than this value

Question 4

RNI stands for

Answer 4

recommended nutritional intake and it is 2 standard deviations above the estimated average requirements and is sufficient for 97% of the population

Question 5

LRNI stands for

Answer 5

lower reference nutritional intake and it is 2 standard deviations below the estimated average requirement and it is only sufficient for 3% of the population who have the lowest needs

Question 6

protein

Answer 6

reference nutrient intake is 12.7 to 14.5g per day for infants aged 4-18 months)

Question 7

energy reference values between 0-12 months

Answer 7

takes into account the energy deposited in new tissue plus the total energy expenditure

Question 8

energy reference values between 1-18 years

Answer 8

takes into account

• total energy expenditure and deposited energy costs: basal metabolic rate x physical activity level
• estimated average requirement calculated at median physical activity level values for best estimated of healthy body weight

Question 9

majority of children

Answer 9

exceed their estimated average requirement for energy

Question 10

Vitamins

Answer 10

Vitamin A, C and D

Question 11

vitamin A

Answer 11

RNI is 350-400 micrograms/day

Question 12

dietary sources of vitamin A

Answer 12

cheese, egg and yoghurts

Question 13

dietary intake of vitamin A

Answer 13

is greater than the RNI for all age groups

Question 14

vitamin C

Answer 14

RNI is 25-30 miligrams per day

Question 15

dietary sources of vitamin C

Answer 15

oranges, blackcurrant and potatoes

Question 16

dietary intake of vitamin C

Answer 16

is greater than the RNI for all age groups

Question 17

vitamin D

Answer 17

RNI is 7-8.5 micrograms per day

Question 18

sources of vitamin D

Answer 18

main source is from sunlight but a small amount comes from oily fish and eggs

Question 19

vitamin D intake is

Answer 19

below the RNI for all breastfed infants of all age groups and below the RNI for non-breastfed infant aged 12-18 months

Question 20

vitamin supplements

Answer 20

• from 6 months infants who are not consuming at least 500mls/day of infant formula should take VITAMIN A,C AND D supplements
• breast feeding mothers should take vitamin D supplements of 10 micrograms per day

Question 21

sodium RNI

Answer 21

aged 4-6 months= 280mg
aged 7-9 months= 320mg
aged 10-11 months= 350mg
aged 12-18 months= 500mg

Question 22

1g of salt contains

Answer 22

393mg of sodium

Question 23

sodium intake

Answer 23

exceeds the RNI for all age groups except for the 4-6 months

Question 24

minerals are

Answer 24

iron and calcium

Question 25

Healthy eating recommendations

Answer 25

for children aged 11-18 years - fruit and veg= at least 5 portions a day - oily fish= 1 portion a week - total fat= no more than 35% of food energy - saturated fatty acids= no more than 11% of food energy - trans fatty acids= no more than 1% of food energy - non-milk extrinsic sugars= no more than 11% of food energy - fibre= at least 18g/day

Question 26

physical activity for infants not yet walking

Answer 26

- floor based and water based activities in a safe environment - minimal time spent sedentary except when sleeping

Question 27

physical activity guidelines for children capable of walking

Answer 27

- 180 minutes throughout the day | - minimise time spent sedentary for extended period except when sleeping

Question 28

physical activity guidelines for 5-18 years

Answer 28

- 60 minutes or more of moderate to vigorous physical activity - 3 days per week should be spent doing vigorous intensity activity

Question 29

exclusive breastfeeding is

Answer 29

recommended for the first 6 months of an infants life

Question 30

infant formula is

Answer 30

modified cows mils which is whey or casein based (whey biased formula is recommended for the infants first year of life)

Question 31

transition from exclusive breast feeding to family foods

Answer 31

generally should start at about 6 months of age, some infant may require it earlier but it should never be started before 4 months

Question 32

Unmodified cows milk

Answer 32

- full fat cows milk should be introduced to cooking from 6-9 months - full fat cow milk can be gradually introduced as a drink from 12 months - semi-skimmed milk should not be introduced before 2 years of age - skimmed milk should not be introduced before 5 years of age

Question 33

weaning is the process of

Answer 33

introducing foods with an increase in variety of texture, flavour, aroma and appearance during weaning the average energy density of food should be no less than 1kcal/gram

Question 34

if child is being weaned before 6 months

Answer 34

they should only be given gluten free food (gluten containing foods before 6 months increase risk of child developing coeliac)

Question 35

during weaning

Answer 35

no sugar or salt should be added and foods that may cause allergies should be introduced one at a time e,g cereals containing gluten, eggs, nuts, soya, fish

Question 36

during weaning you should give foods

Answer 36

rich in absorbable iron regularly e.g red meat and canned fish

Question 37

during weaning

Answer 37

avoid whole seeds and nuts until 5 years of age

Question 38

teeth

Answer 38

should be cleaned twice a day as soon as they appear using 1000ppm fluoride toothpaste

Question 39

for optimal dental health

Answer 39

infants should be introduced tok drinking form a cup or beaker from about 6 months of age

Question 40

benefits of breastfeeding

Answer 40

- greater likelihood go higher IQ at 7 and a half - lower obesity tis for baby in later life - lower maternal risk of breast cancer - immunological protection - reduced risk of diarrhoea, respiratory infection and atopic disease