Nutrition Flashcards
(34 cards)
fats
- 20-35% of total caloric intake
- focus on mono/polyunsaturated fats (liquid at room temp)
protein
*71g/day
- structural basis for new cells and tissues in mother, fetus
- if deficient, body will use amino acids for energy instead of building new tissue
meat, fish, eggs, dairy, tofu/soy, legumes, nuts, seeds
carbohydrates
*175g/day
- glucose to fuel fetal growth and development
- low carb NOT healthy in pregnancy; GDM should mildly restrict
some cereals, whole grains, starchy vegetables, legumes
fiber
- 28g/day
folate
*400-800mcg/day in 1st tri
- reduces risk of NTDs, oral cleft and CV defects
- low levels –> low placental, birth weight; inc pre-eclampsia
leafy greens, bananas, lentils, fortified cereals
DHA and EPA
*200-300mg/day
- DHA: structure, growth, development of fetal CNS and retina; maintains neurotransmitter function; reduces risk of PTB
- ALA: converted to DHA and EPA
fish, seafood (12oz/wk)
*AVOID shark, swordfish, king mackerel, tilefish, marlin, orange rough
iron
*27mg/day
- demand increases in 2nd trimester; peaks in 3rd
- supp if Hct<33% (1st, 3rd tri) or <32% (2nd tri)
- heme iron absorbed more readily than non-heme
- deficiency –> LBW, perinatal mortality, inc risk PTB
heme: meat, poultry, fish
non-heme: eggs, legumes, veg, fruits, grains, nuts, lentils, blackstrap molasses, fortified products
What improves iron absorption?
Vit C
What decreases/impairs iron absorption?
tannins
tea, wine, calcium, legumes, whole grains
calcium
- 1300mg/day (14-18yo)
- 1000mg/day (19-50yo)
- fetal skeletal growth and development
- def –> inc bone loss during pregnancy
milk, yogurt, cheese (more fat = less Ca2+); green leafy veg, broccoli, cabbage, bok choy; fortified foods; tofu, soybeans, beans; figs, sunflower seeds, tahini, almonds
Vitamin D
- 600IU/day
- 4000IU/day to achieve 40-60mg/mL
- helps body use Ca2+
- maximizes fetal bone growth
- reduces PTB, pre-eclampsia
- adequate levels important in northern climates
sunlight
eggs, salmon w/ bones, fortified milk/cereal
1g fat = ?
9 calories
1g protein = ?
4 cals
1g carb = ?
4 cals
BMI =
weight (kg) / height (m2)
underweight
BMI < 18.5
total: 28-40lbs
1st tri: 5 lb
2nd, 3rd tri: 1-2lbs/wk
normal weight
BMI 18.5-24.9
total: 25-35lbs
1st tri: 2-5lbs
2nd, 3rd tri: 1-2lbs/wk
overweight
BMI 25-29.9
total: 15-25lbs
1st tri: 0-2lbs
2nd, 3rd tri: 1/2 - 2/3 lb/wk
obese
BMI ≥ 30
total: 11-20
1st tri: 0-1lbs
2nd, 3rd tri: 1/2 lb/wk
Where is weight gained in pregnancy?
- Baby: 6-8lb
- Placenta: 1.5lb
- Amniotic fluid: 2lb
- Uterus growth: 2lb
- Breast growth: 2lb
- Added body fluids: 8lb
- Added muscle and fat stores: 7lb
What is the concern for lactose intolerant pts?
Ca2+ intake
What is the concern for vegans, vegetarians?
Vit B12 Ca2+ (inc to 1200-1500mg/day) Vit D Fe Protein Long-chain fatty acids
pica
compulsive and purposeful intake of non-nutritive substances for >1mo
pagophagia
consumption of ice
