Nutrition

Question 1

Water

Answer 1

Essential for hydration

Flushes out toxins

Provides minerals

Transports nutrients and gases

Question 2

Carbohydrates

Answer 2

Needed for energy

Question 3

Fibre

Answer 3

Keeps intestines healthy - passes through gastrointestinal tract unchanged

important for nutrient absorption, alters gut transit time

either soluble = fruit pectin
insoluble = cellulose

Question 4

Fats

Answer 4

Additional source of energy

provides insulation - Assists in the formation of cell walls

needed for the absorption of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K

Source of essential fatty acids

Question 5

Fat soluble vitamins

Answer 5

A, D, E, K

Question 6

Proteins

Answer 6

Growth, production and repair of tissues

manufacture of hormones and enzymes

additional store and use of energy

made up os chains of amino acids

Question 7

Essential amino acids

Answer 7

cannot be made by the body must be provided in the diet

Question 8

Vitamin B

Answer 8

Thiamin B1, Riboflavin B2, Niacin B3, Cobalamin B12
B12 most complex of B Vitamins

Needed for metabolism

Deficiency = poor metabolism and appetite. Anorexia. Neurological signs

Excess = Rare as water soluble

Question 9

Vitamin C

Answer 9

Needed for immune system & healing, antioxidant and free radical scavenger, collagen synthesis

Deficiency = Poor wound healing & scurvy

Excess = Rare (water soluble)

Question 10

Scurvy

Answer 10

teeth, gum and skin disorders

progress to full or partial limb paralysis, eye disorders and death

Question 11

Vitamin A

Answer 11

Found in fish oils, fleshy orange coloured fruit and vegetables

Needed for production of visual pigments, reproduction, healthy skin, bone and muscle growth

Deficiency = poor vision, skin disorders, hearing disorders

Excess = fusion of vertebral joints

Question 12

Vitamin D

Answer 12

Found in animal tissues, ergocalciferol in plants and mushrooms

Needed for calcium and phosphorus absorption from the intestines - bone and tooth formation

Deficiency = rickets (young) Osteomalacia (old)

Excess = calcification of soft tissues & kidney failure

Question 13

Vitamin E

Answer 13

Found in many fruit and veg sources & liver

Needed = antioxidant

Deficiency = reproductive disorders males, gestation failure, degenerative skeletal muscle disease
pansteatitis (infl fat) myositis (infl muscle)

Excess = Rare (prevent absorption of other vits)

Question 14

Vitamin K

Answer 14

Found in green leafy veg & gut flora can synthesis

Needed for normal blood clotting mechanisms

Deficiency = clotting disorders

Excess = rare - clotting disorders

Question 15

Minerals can be in which two forms?

Answer 15

macro or micro

Question 16

macrominerals

Answer 16

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and chloride

Question 17

Microminerals

Answer 17

iodine, Iron

Question 18

Calcium

Answer 18

macromineral

Found in green veg, soya, milk, bones

Needed for healthy bones and teeth
aids in blood clotting

Deficiency = rickets in large breed puppies

Excess = urinary stones soft tissue calcification.
Bone abnormalities in large breeds due to imbalance in Ca:P ratio

Question 19

Phosphorus

Answer 19

macromineral

Found in meat, eggs, nuts and wheat germ

Needed for growth and repair of tissues
healthy bones and teeth

Deficiency = poor bone formation

Excess = urinary stones, soft tissue calcification, hyperparathyroidism

Question 20

Iodine

Answer 20

Micromineral

Found inseaweed, seafood, eggs and nuts

Needed for healthy thyroid function

Deficiency = inadiquate thyroid hormone production. cause of hypothyroidism

Excess = rare, most animals can tolerate high levels

Question 21

Iron

Answer 21

Micromineral

Found in liver, kidneys and dark green veg

Needed for carrying oxygen to blood

Deficiency = anaemia, dull coat

Excess = anorexia and weight loss

Question 22

Potassium

Answer 22

Macromineral

Found in grains, soya, fruit and veg, yeast, beans

Needed for acid-base balance role, osmosis, nerve and muscle function

Deficiency = hypokalaemia (blood K levels too low)

Excess = hyperkalaemia (blood K levels too high)

Question 23

Hypokalaemia

Answer 23

Kidneys responsible for controlling potassium levels. excess leaves body through urine or sweat.

hypokalaemia is a result of losing too much K when in kidney failure

Question 24

Hyperkalaemia

Answer 24

Potassium level in blood much higher than normal

Question 25

Sodium & Chloride

Answer 25

Macromineral Found in salt, meat and vegetables Needed for maintenance of osmotic integrity of fluid within the body Deficiency = rare but lethargy and anorexia Excess = thirst, pruritis (itching of the skin) constipation, seizures

Question 26

Nutrition calculation steps

Answer 26

1. 30XBW+70 2. kcals/grams i.e. 250kcal/100g 3. answer 1/answer 2

Question 27

Canned food and biscuits

Answer 27

Bulky Lots of carbs and water Need more to satisfy animals needs

Question 28

Dry food

Answer 28

Advantages less bulk Disadvantages More protein, more fat Less carbs and/or fibre

Question 29

Pregnancy diet

Answer 29

1st 2/3rds of preganancy = normal maintenance energy requirements (MER) last 1/3rd 1.5-3x MER (depending on litter size) energy dense food isless bulky (not much space in abdomen) A growth diet is ideal as its high in fat and protein.

Question 30

Bitch protein requirement

Answer 30

22-32%

Question 31

Queen protein requirement

Answer 31

35-50%

Question 32

Hand rearing puppies/kittens

Answer 32

Hand feed every 2-4 hours at 4 weeks wean onto a growth diet (high in fat & protein, low in CHO) 22-24% protein puppies 34% kittens at 6 months 4meals to 2 meals

Question 33

Hand rearing rabbits

Answer 33

Rabbits require milk and lots of fibre. Hay, picked grass, vegetables & concentrate, recycling food via caecotrophs.

Question 34

Working dogs

Answer 34

High protein, high fat, low carbs (could feed a growth diet) Greyhounds have short bursts of energy, care taken when feeding. Risk of a GDV.

Question 35

Obese dog dietary requirements

Answer 35

Increase fibre intake. Fills animal up without the extra calories. Balance fat and proteins of good quality.

Question 36

Underweight dog dietary requirements

Answer 36

Give energy dense food- 6 small meals a day – could feed a growth diet. Complex carbs such as brown rice

Question 37

Recovering from illness or injury Dietary requirements

Answer 37

Animals with liver/heart/kidney diseases - should be careful of proteins energy dense convalescent diet

Question 38

Elderly Dietary Requirements

Answer 38

Low protein but must be of good quality (eggs, fish, chicken) Fat to increase to more than 5% dry matter- must be good quality (omega oils good for joints and brain) Also makes food palatable High fibre to fill up Ash – moderate levels depending on blood pressure Fibre helps with gut motility