Nutrition Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What is a source of energy and promotes fat metabolism, spare protein, and enhance lower GI function
A
Carbohydrates
2
Q
What are major food sources of carbs
A
- Milk
- Grains
- Fruits
- Veggies
3
Q
Provide concentrated source and a stored form of energy, they protect internal organs and maintain body temperature
A
Fats
4
Q
What helps build and repair tissues
A
Protein
5
Q
What Pts are on clear liquid diets and what does it provide for the body ? and what are the feeding intervals ?
A
- Postop Pt, Acute vomiting or diarrhea,
- Provides fluid and electrolytes to prevent dehydration
- Acute illness
- Infections
Between 1-2 Hour feeding intervals
6
Q
Used for bowel prep for surgery or tests and post op also clients with fever, vomiting, or diarrhea, used in gastritis
A
Clear liquids
7
Q
Which liquids are not allowed in a clear liquid diet ?
A
- Fruit juices with pulp
- Milk
( Must be transparent to light)
8
Q
What types of liquid/food are considered appropriate for a clear liquid diet ?
A
- Water
- Bouillon
- Clear broth
- Carbonated beverages
- Gelatin
- Hard candy
- Lemonade
- Ice pops
- Regular or Decaf coffee
- Tea
- Popsicle
- Ginger ale
9
Q
Are dairy products and fruit juices with pulp considered clear liquids ?
A
No
10
Q
May a client have sugar and salt ?
A
Yes
11
Q
What is a full liquid diet ? What is it used for ?
A
- A transition diet after clear liquids post Op
- Clients who is having difficulty chewing, swallowing, or tolerating solid foods, GI upset, Acute gastritis, infections, febrile disorders
12
Q
What does a full liquid diet include? think what types of liquid and how often do you give feedings ?
A
- All clear liquids
- Ice cream
- Milk
- Sherbet
- Breakfast drinks
- Milkshakes
- Custard
- Soups that are strained
- Refined cooked cereals
- Fruit juices
- Strained juice (Fruit and veggie)
All clear liquids also - Cereal gruels ( like oatmeal)
Feedings are done in intervals 2-4 hours
13
Q
What is a full liquid diet deficient in ?
A
- In calories (energy) and many nutrients
14
Q
What is important to provide to a Pt. on a clear liquid diet ? Think what food is used to repair damaged tissues
A
High protein
15
Q
What is a mechanical diet and what Pt. would be put on this diet ?
A
Mechanical diet is for Pts who have a difficulty in chewing foods are mechanically altered. But these Pts can tolerate foods with more texture than being on a liquid diet.
16
Q
What kind of Pts are usually put on mechanical diets?
A
- Pt with dental problems
- Pt who has had surgery of the head or neck or have dysphagia
17
Q
What may the client be evaluated for if they still have difficulty chewing ?
A
- Swallowing evaluation
- May require thick liquids
18
Q
What kind of texture is mechanical food ?
A
- Pureed
- Mashed
- Ground
- Chopped
19
Q
What foods are to be avoided if a Pt is on a mechanical diet ? * Think foods that make your throat feel dry or are hard in texture*
A
- Nuts
- Raw fruits
- Vegetables
- Fried foods
- Chocolate candy
- Tough, smoked, or salted meats
- Foods coarse in texture
20
Q
What Pts would be put on a soft diet ?
A
- Pts who have difficulty in swallowing
- Ulcerations of the gums and mouth
- Broken jaws
- Dysphagia
- Oral surgery
- Plastic surgery of the head or neck
- Stroke
21
Q
What kind of foods should be given to a Pt if they have mouth sores Think what kind of temperature
A
foods that are cooler in temp
22
Q
What can be consumed to increase salivary flow ?
A
Suck on hard candy
23
Q
What foods should Pts avoid while on a mechanical diet ?
A
- All food seasoning
- Nuts
- Raw fruits/ veggies
24
Q
Low-residue, low fiber, What Pt’s are put on this diet ? think GI
A
- Used for inflammatory bowel disease
- Partial obstructions
- When GI motility is lowed
- Diarrhea
- Gastroenteritis
- GI disorders
- Lower bowel surgery
25
What are foods that consist of low in residue *think of foods that are not suppose to be eaten when on a diet (carbs and starchy foods)*
- White bread
- Refined cooked cereals
- Potatoes without skin
- White rice
- Refined pasta
- White processed food
- Roast lamb
- Buttered rice
26
What foods should be avoided when on a low residue diet ? `
- Raw fruits (except bananas)
- Veggies
- Nuts
- Seeds
- Plant fiber
- Whole grains
- Diary products to be limited to 2 servings a day
- Whole wheat
- Corn
- Bran
27
High residue, High fiber, High Roughage diet, What Pts are put on this diet ?
*Think GI difficulties diseases*
- Used for constipation
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Alternating constipation and diarrhea
- Diverticular disease
28
What does a high residue, high fiber diet provide for the Pt?
- 20- 35 g of dietary fiber daily
| - Speeds the movement of bowels
29
What kind of foods does a high residue high fiber diet have ? What foods are not allowed ?
-Fruits
- Vegetable
- Whole grain products
- Cracked wheat bread
- Brussel sprouts
- Apple
Foods not allowed:
- White bread
- Pies
- Cakes from white flour "white"
- Processed food
30
Increase fiber gradually and provide fluids to reduce side effects such as ?
- Abd cramping
- Bloating
- Diarrhea
- Dehydration
- Gas- forming foods should be limited
31
What are water soluble vitamins ?
- Folic Acid
- Niacin
- Vit B1 (Thiamine)
- Vit B2 (Riboflavin)
- Vit B6 (Pyridoxine)
- Vit B12 (Cobalamin)
- Vit C (Ascorbic acid)
32
B1
Thiamine
Functions and where are its primary sources ?
- For normal growth
- Carbohydrate metabolism
Primary sources:
- Legumes
- Meat (pork)
- Enriched grains
- Eggs
- Fish
- Cereals
33
B2
Riboflavin
Functions and where are its primary sources ?
- Used for energy
- Converts carbohydrates into glucose
- Energy metabolism
Primary Sources:
- Milk
- Milk products
- Lean meats
- Fish
- Legumes
- Liver
- Heart
34
Niacin (Niaspan)
| Functions and where are its primary sources ?
- Lower Cholesterol level
Primary sources:
- Meats
- Poultry
- Fish
- Beans
- Peanuts
- Grains
35
B6
Pyridoxine
Functions and where are its primary sources ?
- Amino acid metabolism
Primary sources:
- Wheat
- Corn
- Meat
- Liver
- Kidney
- Egg yolk
- Yeast
- Spy beans
- Peanuts
36
```
Folic Acid (Folacin)
Functions and where are its primary sources ?
```
RBC formation
Primary sources:
- Meat
- Beef
- Liver
- Fish
- Green leafy vegetables
- Legumes
- Grapefruit
- Oranges
37
Vit B12
Cyanocobalamin
Functions are where are its primary sources ?
- Nerve or neurological function
- RBC formation
```
Primary resources :
- Meat
- Liver
(only found in animal meat)
- Poultry
- Eggs
- Sea Veggies
```
38
What foods have Vit C (ascorbic acid)
- Citrus fruits
- Tomatoes
- Broccoli
- Cabbage
39
What are fat are fat soluble Vitamins ?
- Vit A
- Vit D
- Vit E
- Vit K
40
Vit A
Retinol
What are its functions ? and what are the primary foods sources it could be found in ?
- Antioxidant
- Visual acuity
- Adaptation to light and dark
- Normal bone growth
- Tooth development
- Spermatogenesis
- Thyroxine formation
Primary sources :
- Beta carotene
- Carrots
- Yellow fruits
- Veggies
- Butter
- Cheese
- Squash
- Broccoli
- Milk
- Egg yolk
- Liver
- Fish oils
- Kidneys
41
Vit D *think bones*
Ergocalciferol Cholecalciferol
What are its functions and what foods can it be found in ?
- Calcification of bones
- Absorption of Ca+
- Phosphorus
- Decreased renal excretion of phos
Primary sources:
- Direct sunlight
- Cod liver and fish oils
- Fortified milk/dairy products
- Tuna
- Mackerel
- Salmon
- Sardine
- Herring
42
Vit E
Tocopherol
What are its functions and what primary sources can you find them in ?
- Antioxidant
- Production of RBCs
- Muscle and liver integrity
Primary sources:
- Vegetable
- Vegetable oil
- Wheat germ oil
- Legumes
- Nuts
- Fish
- Milk
- Egg yolk
- Muscle meats
- Broccoli
- Spinach
43
Calcium
| Primary function/Primary sources/If deficient in Calcium what are the symptoms ?
Function:
- Bone formation
- Muscle contraction
Primary sources:
- Milk/Milk products (Cheese, soy milk)
- Green leafy vegetables
- Rhubarb (type of plant)
- Sardines
- Tofu
- Yogurt
If Deficient:
- Rickets (Childhood bone disorder, bones become soft and is prone to fracture)
- Porous bones (Bones become brittle)
- Tetany (involuntary contraction of muscles)
44
Phosphorus
| Primary function/Primary sources/If deficient what are symptoms
Function:
- Bone formation
Primary Sources:
- Dairy products (Milk)
- Eggs
- Nuts
- Meat (pork, beef, chicken)
- Whole- grain breads and cereals
Deficiency/Symptoms:
- Rickets
45
Fluoride
| Primary function/Primary sources/If deficient what are symptoms
Functions:
- For dental health
Primary Sources:
- Water supply
Deficiency/Symptoms:
- Dental caries
46
Iodine
| Primary function/Primary sources/If deficient what are the symptoms *Think thyroid disease size of a gulf ball*
Function:
- Thyroid hormone synthesis
Primary Sources
- Seafood
- Iodized salt
Deficiency/Symptoms:
- Goiter
47
Sodium
| Primary function/Primary sources/If deficient what are the symptoms ?
Primary Function:
- Osmotic pressure
- Acid- Base balance
Primary sources:
- Table salt
- Vegetables
- Milk
- Meat
- Deficiency/Symptoms:
- Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
48
What diseases are included in a cardiac diet ?
- Atherosclerosis
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Hyperlipidemia
- Hypertension
- Myocardial infarction
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Kidney Failure
49
What is restricted when on a cardiac diet ?
total amounts of fat such as
- Saturated
- Trans
- Polyunsaturated
- Monounsaturated
- Cholesterol
- Sodium
50
Fat- restricted diet, What does it help to reduce ? What disorders would need to be on this diet ?
- Pain in Abd
- Steatorrhea ( fatty stools)
- Flatulence
- Diarrhea
- Malabsorption disorders such as
- Pancreatitis
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Gallbladder
- Gastroesophageal Reflux
51
High Calorie High protein diet What Pts are put on this diet ?
- Severe stress
- Burns
- Cancer
- HIV
- AIDS
- COPD
- Respiratory failure
- Any debilitating disease
52
Nursing considerations for High calorie, High protein diet
- Encourage high nutrient dense high calorie high protein foods such as :
- Whole milk
- Milk products
- Peanut butter
- Nuts
- Seeds
- Beef
- Chicken
- Fish
- Pork
- Eggs
53
Carb-consistent diet What Pts are on this diet ?
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Hypoglycemia
- Hyperglycemia
- Obesity
54
Sodium-restricted diet What Pts are on this diet ?
- Hypertension
- HF
- Kidney disease
- Liver disease (cirrhosis)
55
How many g of salt can a Na restricted Pt have ? added salt ?
4 g and no added salt
56
How many g of salt can a Pt on a sodium restricted diet have ? Added salt ?
Fresh, No processed foods such as soup
57
What Pts are on a protein restricted diet ?
- Kidney disease
| - Liver disease
58
Renal diet Who is on it ?
- Acute kidney disease
- Chronic kidney disease
- Clients who need hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis (kidneys)
59
What needs to be controlled when on a Renal diet ?
- Protein
- Sodium
- Phosphorus
- Potassium
- Calcium
- Fluids
- Modification in amount of fiber may be prescribed such a fiber, cholesterol, fat based on individual requirements
60
Who is on a low potassium diet ?
- For hyperkalemia
- Impaired renal function
- Hypoaldosteronism
- Addison's
- Angiotensin- converting enzyme inhibitor medications
- Potassium retaining Diuretics
- Immunosuppressive medications
- Chronic HyperK
61
Who is on a High potassium diet ?
- Hypokalemia
- Renal tubule acidosis
- GI losses (vomiting, diarrhea)
- Potassium wasting diuretics
- Antibiotics
- Mineralocorticoid
- Glucocorticoid excess caused by secondary aldosteronism
- Cushing's syndrome
62
Who is on a low purine diet ?
- Gout
- Kidney stones
- Elevated uric acid levels
63
What foods must you restrict that contain purines ?
- Anchovies
- Herring
- Mackerel
- Sardines
- Scallops
- Glandular meats
- Gravies
- Meat extracts
64
What food are high in iron ?
- Organ meats
- Egg yolks
- Whole Wheat products
- Dark leafy green veggies
- Dried fruit
- Legumes
65
What relieves thirst ?
- Chewing gum
- Sucking on hard candy
- Freeze fluids
- Add lemon juice to water
- Gargle with refrigerated mouthwash
66
Enteral Nutrition, which Pts need this ? what is used to administer it ?
- Provides liquid foods to GI tract via a tube
| - Used when GI tract is functional but oral intake is not
67
What Pts are Enteral Nutrition ? *Think of complications*
- Swallowing problems
- Burns
- Major Trauma
- Liver
- Organ failure
- Severe Malnutrition
68
Nursing considerations for Pts on enteral nutrition *Pts complications related to what kind of formula is being given? What can or can not be given to certain Pts? *
- Lactose intolerance Pts ( this causes diarrhea, bloating, cramping)
- They need to be places on lactose- free formulas
69
Parenteral Nutrition or total parenteral nutrition , which Pts need this ?
- Pts with severe dysfunctional or nonfunctioning GI tracts
- Unable to process nutrients
- Pt does not take enough food by mouth to meet their nutrient needs
- Multiple GI surgeries
- GI trauma
- Intolerance to Enteral feedings
- Intestinal obstructions
- Needing to rest the bowel for healing
- Pts on Chemo
- Cancer
- AIDS
- Burn injuries
70
How can parenteral nutrition be administered ?
- Central vein when larger amounts of carbohydrates are needed
- Subclavian or internal jugular vein is used when PN is used short- term ( <4 weeks)
If Pt needs PN > 4 weeks more permanent cath is used via peripherally inserted central line (PICC)
71
Can a PN be administered through a peripheral vein (arm) ?
Yes, through a intravenous catheter or a midline catheter that is placed on upper arm vein (brachial or cephalic)
72
Delivery of hypertonic solutions into a peripheral vein can cause what ?
- Sclerosis
- Phlebitis
- Swelling
73
Air embolism when receiving parenteral nutrition ? possible cause and signs/symptoms ?
- Cath system is open
- IV disconnected
- Air entering on IV tubing changes
S/SX:
Apprehension
Chest pain
Dyspnea
Hypotension
Loud churning sound over pericardium
Rapid weak pulse
Respiratory distress
74
How to arrange food for visually impaired Pt.
- Placement of various food on plate goes on counter clock wise order
- Ask what Pt prefers to eat first (gives Pt. sense of control)
75
What do you offer to visually impaired Pt if they have a difficulty in swallowing ?
- Offer liquids carefully with spoon or feeding syringe (this helps prevent aspiration)
- Pureed or soft food (custard, gelatin) may be easier to swallow than liquid
76
Visually impaired Pt without difficulty in swallowing what can you offer to them ?
Straw to reduce spills
77
What is important to do during feeding ?
- Pause whenever Pt wants to rest
78
What is the purpose of a sodium restricted diet ?
- Lower body water
| - Promote excretion
79
What are meal samples for a sodium restricted diet ? What foods are not allowed in this diet ?
- Cold baked chicken
- lettuce
- Sliced tomatoes
- Apple sauce
Foods not allowed :
- Cheese
- Fried foods
- Milk products
- Canned foods
- Added salts
80
What is an example of a renal diet meal ?
- Unsalted veggies
- White rice
- Canned fruits
- Sweets
81
What is the purpose of a renal diet ? *What are you levels are you trying to keep low ?
- Protein
- Potassium
- Sodium
82
What foods are not allowed in a renal diet ?
- Bran
- Cereals
- Citrus fruits
83
Low phenylalanine diet, Who is on this diet ?
PKU
84
Sample meals for PKU ?
- Low PKU milk
- Jams
- Fats
- Fruits
85
What is the purpose of a low PKU diet ?
- Low protein diet to prevent brain damage from imbalance of amino acids
86
What foods are not allowed for a low PKU diet ?
- Meat
- Eggs
- Beans
- Bread
87
Vit K
| What are its functions and what are primary sources ?
- Catalyst (increasing rate of reaction) for production of prothrombin and blood clotting
- Clotting factors VII, IX, X by the liver
Primary sources:
- Spinach
- Cabbage
- Broccoli
- Pork
- Liver
- Egg yolk
- Cheese synthesized by intestinal bacteria
88
Clinical manifestations (or if deficient in Vit A)
- Night blindness
- Skin Infection
- Xeropthalmia (Abnormal dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye)
- Corneal ulceration
- Impaired bone formation
- Defective tooth enamel
- CNS Changes (lethargy, headache)
- GI (Portal Hypertension), Veins coming from the stomach, spleen, and pancreas
- Jaundice
- Excess pigmentation: color returns in 2-6 weeks
89
Clinical manifestation in Vit D
- Ricketts (soft bone, poor bone growth, deformity of bones, bow legged)
- Delayed closing of fontanels
- Delayed calcification of teeth
- Hypercalcemia
- Renal Calculi
- Osteoporosis of the long bones
* Rickets, Decrease in phosphorus
* Osteomalacia, decrease phosphorus in adults
90
Clinical manifestations of Vit E
- Protection of Vit A (*think because of skin*)
- Breakdown of RBC (hemolytic anemia)
- Less toxic than other fat soluble vitamins
91
Clinical manifestations of Vit K
- Bleeding
- Bruises
- Anemia
- Liver/Renal damage
- intestinal bacteria
92
for Vit B1 Thiamine
- Beriberi ( effects many systems of the body such as the heart, nerves, and digestive symptoms such as shortness of breath, swelling of legs, numbess)
- Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome (Brain disorder)
- Shock
93
B2 Riboflavin clinical manifestations
- AriBOFLAVINOSIS (deficient in B2)
- Tissue inflammation
- Pruritus
- Parasthesias
94
Niacin clinical manifestations
*Think 4 Ds that have to do with Skin, Bowels, When elderly forget everything completely and if excess of these symptoms will do without any treatment)
- Pellagra (causes dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death)
- Vasodilation
- Flushing
95
Pyridoxine (B6) clinical manifestations *think low blood and how you feel when you are low blood*
- Anemia
- CNS changes (seizures)
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Peripheral nervous toxicity
- Numbness (related to both above)
96
Folic acid (Folacin) clinical manifestations *think low blood*
- Anemia
| - Rare but cause insomnia and irritability
97
Cyanocobalamin B12 clinical manifestations *Think brain development what is it when deficient in B12 and low blood deficit specifically related to B12 deficiency*
- Pernicious Anemia
- Delayed brain growth
- Excess is rare
98
Potassium
Primary function/Primary Sources
Deficiency symptoms
*Think about heart rhythm*
Primary Function:
- Osmotic pressure
- Acid - Base balance
Primary Sources:
- Table salt
- Vegetables
- Meat
- Milk
Deficiency/Symptoms:
- Arrhythmias
- Fluid and electrolyte imbalance
99
Iron
| Primary function/Primary sources/Deficiency symptoms
Primary Functions:
- Hemoglobin synthesis
Primary Sources:
- Liver
- Oysters
- Leafy greens
- Apricots
Deficiency/Symptoms:
- Anemia
- Lethargy
100
What are conditions that require enteral feedings ? What are the causes for each ?
Condition(s):
- Pre-op need for nutritional support
Cause(s):
- Inadequate intake Pre-op results in poor nutritional state
101
Enteral feedings with GI problems what are the causes ? why are they on feedings
- Fistulas (Abnormal connections between two parts of the body ex: Bowel and vagina)
- Small Bowel syndrome (Parts of small intestine removed and without it you are not getting enough nutrients and water from food you eat can cause diarrhea)
- Chron's (Inflammation, Abd pain, diarrhea)
- Malabsorption
102
Enteral feedings for oncology therapy Pts. What is the cause ? Why do they need these feedings ?
- Radiation
| - Chemotherapy
103
Enteral feedings for Alcoholism, chronic depression, and eating disorders. What is the cause ? Why do they need feedings ?
- Chronic illness
| - Psych or neuro disorder
104
Enteral feedings for Head, neck, or surgery. What is the cause? Why do they need feedings ?
- Disease
| - Trauma
105
Complication with enteral feedings in:
- Mechanical tube displacement
What should the nurse do ?
Replace the tube
106
Complication with enteral feedings in:
- Aspirations
What should the nurse do ?
- Elevate HOB
| - Check residuals before feeding
107
```
Complications with enteral feedings in:
- GI cramping
- Vomiting
- Diarrhea
What should the nurse do for the Pt
```
- Decrease feeding rate
- Change formula
- Administer at room temp
108
Complications with enteral feedings in:
- Metabolic
- Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, glucose intolerance
- Monitor glucose
- Serum osmolality
- Give insulin if needed
- Reduce infusion rate
109
What should the nurse do with a Pt who has sepsis on TPN ?
- Maintain closed IV line with filter
- NO MEDS or BLOOD DRAWN while on TPN line
- Dry sterile occlusive dressing applied to site
110
What should the nurse do if the Pt has a pneumothorax ( Abnormal collection of air in the pleural space between the lung and chest wall) due to line placement *think x ray*
TPN to be started ONLY after chest X-ray shows the correct placement
111
What should the nurse do if the Pt has Hyperosmolar coma and is on TPN ? *Think Diabetes what are you checking for?*
- Monitor blood glucose level
- Serum osmolality
- Monitor urine fractional for glucose and acetone
112
Soft Diet
| What Pt's are on this diet ?
- Between full and light or regular diet
- Acute illness and convalescence
- Acute infections
- Chewing difficulties
- GI disorders 3 meals with or without food inbetween meals
113
What kind of meals should Pts on a soft diet be on ? *Think texture of food and another word for absorbing food*
- Normal diet
- No roughage
- Liquids and semisolid food
- Easily digested
114
What are foods that are allowed in a soft diet ?
- All liquids
- Fine and strained cereals
- Cooked tender or pureed veggies
- cooked fruits without skin and seeds
- Ripe bananas
- Ground of minced meat, fish, poultry
- Eggs
- Mild cheeses
- Plain cake and puddings
- Moderately seasoned foods
115
What Pts are on a regular house diet ?
- Ambulatory
| - Immobilized people not requiring therapeutic diets
116
What do you do before giving a TPN ?
- Solution
- Equipment
- Pt ALL READY
- Remove solution from fridge
- Wait at least 1hr before administration to avoid pain, hypothermia, venous spasm, venous constriction
- Check solution against doctor's orders such as
- Correct Pt name
- Expiration date
- Formula components
- Observe container for cracks and cloudiness in solution, turbidity, or particles
117
How long should you wait before giving a TPN and what are you avoiding by waiting at least an hour before administration ?
- Must wait at least 1 hr before administering TPN
- 1 hr to avoid Pt reactions such as:
Venous spasm
Venous constriction
Hypothermia
Pain
118
When ready to administer what will you do ? *think Pt teaching*
- Explain procedure
- Check name on solution and wristband
- Wear gloves and mask per hospital policy
- Use strict aseptic technique
