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Biology for Faith > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What does autotrophic mean?

A

Anautotrophorproducer, is an organism that produces complexorganic compounds(such ascarbohydrates,fats, andproteins) from simple substances present in its surroundings

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2
Q

What is a Phototroph?

A

organismsthat carry out photon capture to acquire energy. They use theenergyfromlightto carry out various cellular metabolic processes.

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3
Q

Chemoautotrophic?

A

Chemoautotrophs(or chemotrophic autotroph) (Greek: Chemo (χημία) = chemical, auto (αὐτός) = self, troph (τροφιά) = nourishment), in addition to deriving energy fromchemical reactions, synthesize all necessary organic compounds fromcarbon dioxide.

Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources such ashydrogen sulfide, elementalsulfur,ferrous iron, molecularhydrogen, andammonia.

Most chemoautotrophs areextremophiles,bacteriaorarchaeathat live in hostile environments (such asdeep sea vents) and are theprimary producersin suchecosystems.

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4
Q

What is a heterotroph

A

anorganismthat cannot produce its own food, relying instead on the intake of nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.

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5
Q

Can heterotrophic organisms also be chemotrophic and phototrophic?

A

yes

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6
Q

Saprotrophic/ Saprobiotic?

A

Saprotrophicnutrition /sæprəˈtrɒfɪk, -proʊ-/ or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter.

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7
Q

Holozoic?

A

Holozoicnutrition (Greek: holo-whole ; zoikos-of animals) is a type of heterotrophic nutrition that is characterized by the internalization (ingestion) and internal processing of gaseous, liquid or solid food particles.

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8
Q

Parasitic?

A

Parasiticnutrition is a mode of heterotrophicnutrition where aparasiticorganism lives on the body surface or inside the body of another type of organism (a host) and gets nutrition directly from the body of the host.

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9
Q

How are proteins broken down?

A

Proteases

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10
Q

How are lipids broken down?

A

Lipases

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11
Q

How are starches broken down?

A

Amylase

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12
Q

What are proteins digested into?

A

Amino acids

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13
Q

Lipids are broken down by lipases into?

A

Fatty acids

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14
Q

Starches are broken down by amylase into?

A

Di-sacharrides

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15
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Ingestion: In animals, this is merely takes place by engulfing the food totally in the mouth. In protozoa, this most commonly occurs throughphagocytosis.

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16
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion: The physical breakdown of complex large and organic food particles and theenzymaticbreakdown of complex organic compounds into small, simple molecules.

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17
Q

What is absorption?

A

Absorption: Theactiveandpassive transportof the chemical products of digestion out of the food-containing compartment and into the body or cytoplasm

18
Q

What adaptions have humans to make us able to eat plant materials?

A

Caecum – for breaking down cellulose by bacterial fermentation

Longer short intestine than in carnivores

Mixed teeth type.

19
Q

Ruminants and humans differ in our “fermentation” of cellulose…in what way?

A

Ruminants are foregut fermenters. We are hindgut. We have a ceacum in the long intestine. Ruminants have a specialised stomach for it.

20
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

Live ON the host

21
Q

What is an endoparasite?

A

Live IN the host

22
Q

What are strobilia ?

A

The neck of tania solium is followed by the flattened, ribbon-like body called strobila. The strobila forms the main bulk of the body and consists of a series of proglottids arranged in a linear fashion.

23
Q

Describe hydra digestion

A

The mouth (in the middle of the tentacles) is the only opening. The inner layer of cells is called the gastrodermis; the gastrodermis secretes digestive enzymes into the lumen of the gut. Digested food is absorbed by the gut wall. Undigested food is egested via the mouth

24
Q

Describe earthworm digestion

A

A tube-like gut with an opening at both ends; a mouth for ingestion and an anus for egestion. The gut has different regions

25
Q

Through which organs does food pass in humans for digestion

A

Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestines
Large Intestines

26
Q

Which organs create secretions for digestions

A

Liver
Pancreas
Stored in gall bladder

27
Q

How is food moved through the gut

A

Peristalsis

28
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

Cutting or crushing of large pieces of food into smaller pieces to increase surface area

29
Q

What is chemical digestion

A

Break down of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble molecules

30
Q

How are fats digested

A

Bile emulsifies fats. increasing their surface area. Pancreatic lipase is secreted to break them down into fatty acids and glycerol to be absorbed.

31
Q

How are polypeptides digested

A

Pepsinogen secreted in gastric juice. Endopeptidases turn proteins into smaller polypeptides. Exopeptidases break down polypeptides in the duodenum into amino acids and absorbed in the ileum.

32
Q

How are polysaccharides digested

A

Salivary amylase secreted begins breakdown. Amylase denatured in the stomach in the acid. Pancreatic amylase secreted in the duodenum breaks polysaccharides into disaccharides. Maltase in the cell wall of epithelium cells breaks down maltose into glucose which is then absorbed into the bloodstream.

33
Q

How are the small intestines adapted to absorption

A

They contain villi to increase surface area, and the epithelial cells have microvilli. They also have large numbers of mitochondria for active transport.

34
Q

How are the following absorbed into the gastric cells

Fatty acids 
Glycerol 
Vitamins 
Amino acids 
Monosaccharides
A 
Diffusion
Diffusion 
Diffusion 
Active transport 
Active transport
35
Q

How are the following absorbed into the blood capillaries

Fatty acids 
Glycerol 
Vitamins 
Amino acids 
Monosaccharides
A 
Diffusion
Diffusion 
Diffusion 
Diffusion 
Diffusion
36
Q

How do herbivore and carnivore teeth differ

A

Herbivore jaws move laterally and carnivore jaws move vertically
Herbivore teeth are flat for grounding, and carnivore teeth are sharp for ripping
Herbivores have a diastema and carnivores have carnassials

37
Q

Describe ruminant digestion

A

Grass is eaten and swallowed, and digested by bacteria. Then its regurgitated and rechewed, then passed back to the rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum before continuing to be digested in the intestines.

38
Q

How are tapeworms adapted to living in human gut

A

They have a thick cuticle outside to protect from the immune system, secrete antienzymes to denature enzymes, produce thousands of eggs, and attach to the inside of the small intestines

39
Q

How do tapeworms reproduce

A

They are hermaphroditic

40
Q

What type of parasite is a tapeworm

A

Endoparasite

41
Q

What type of parasite is a head louse

A

Ectoparadise

Biology for Faith (8 decks)

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