Nutrition Flashcards
(55 cards)
What is enteral nutrition?
Nutrition via tube
What is parenteral nutrition?
Nutrition via IV
When are people fed?
As soon as they have bowel sounds
Characteristics of carbohydrates
Main source of energy Readily broken down Simple sugars - honey, fruit milk Complex sugars - starch 50-60% of calories Glycogen is body's stored CHO
Characteristics of proteins
Polymers of amino acids
Essential for tissue growth, maintenance, repair
Collagen, enzymes, hormones, immune cells are made of protein
20% of calories
Characteristics of fats
Lipids
Provides insulation, protects vital organs, provides energy vitamin absorption and transport
25-30% of calories
Saturated fats - 5-6%
Thought to lead to higher LDL and atherosclerosis
- Trans fats - <1%
What factors affect nutrition?
Lifespan consideration
Cultural considerations
Intake
Ability to use digested nutrients
What are characteristics of a well-nourished person?
Normal weight and height Adequate appetite Active, alert Firm, healthy skin and mucous membranes Erect posture Well-developed muscles without excess body fat Healthy teeth and gums Normal excretion, sleep patterns, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum protein levels
What are signs of poor nutrition?
Cachectic (skeletal) appearance Flaccid muscle tone Weak muscles Subq fat loss Mental inattention Paresthesia - abnormal dermal sensation (tingling, prickling) with no apparent cause Anorexia Rapid heart rate Easily fatigued Dull, dry brittle hair; lips – dry and scaly; gums – spongy and bleed easily Tooth loss Eyes - pale conjunctiva
What is a clear liquid diet?
Transparent liquid - gelatin, clear juices, broth, bouillon, popsicles
1 ounce = 30 ml/cc
What is a full liquid diet?
Addition of smooth-textured dairy products, cream soups, custard, refined hot cereals, all juices, frozen yogurts, pureed vegetables
What is a soft pureed diet?
All of full liquid diet + scrambled eggs, pureed meats, vegetables and fruits; mashed potatoes and gravy
Where are soft pureed diets frequently seen?
Geriatric/nursing homes
What is a mechanical soft diet?
All of soft pureed diet plus finely diced meats, cheeses, potatoes, flaked fish, pancakes, rice, cooked and canned fruits and veggies
Small-bore feeding tube (NG)
Usually into stomach or duodenum (first part of small intestine)
Generally short term
Risk of aspiration
Percutaneous feeding tube
Feeding tube is surgically fed into stomach through abdomen (PEG) or jejunum (PEJ)
When is a PEJ used?
When there are stomach issues
What is TPN?
Total parenteral nutrition
Liquid food via IV
Good for people with Crohn’s disease because their bowel is inflamed
What is a Salem-sump tube?
A wide tube put in to decompress stomach and drain gastric fluid
Normally used when there’s decreased motility in GI tract
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
What are the causes of dysphagia?
Myasthenia gravis, aging, stroke, multiple sclerosis, cancers, dementia
What are the complications of dysphagia?
Aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, decreased nutritional status and weight loss (malnutrition)
What are the warning signs of dysphagia?
Coughing or frequent clearing of throat during eating.
Change in voice after swallowing.
Abnormal movements of the mouth, tongue or lips.
Prolonged eating time
Oral pocketing.
Abnormal gag or delayed or absent trigger of swallowing.
Pharyngeal pooling.
How do you obtain a more in depth assessment for a dysphagic patient?
Referral to a speech pathologist
