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Patient Centered Care 1 > Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Give examples of macronutrients

A

Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats which are sources kilocalories (energy)

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2
Q

Define micronutrients

A

Essential dietary elements such as vitamins and minerals that are needed only in trace amounts

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3
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins A, E, D K

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4
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins

A

Vitamins C, and B

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5
Q

What are the other micronutrients mentioned in The lecture?

A

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, biotin, folate, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, and potassium chloride

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6
Q

Define Phytochemicals

A

Plant compound believed to have health-protecting properties

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7
Q

Define kilocalories

A

A measure of the energy value in foodstuffs equal to 1000 calories

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8
Q

What is malnutrition

A

A general term referring to conditions to undernutrition or imbalanced nutrition

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9
Q

What is sarcopenia

A

A loss of muscle mass and strength

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10
Q

Define Anasarca

A

A term for generalized edemas a result of massive fluid overload

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11
Q

Define hypoalbuminemia

A

Too little protein in the blood

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12
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

They supply our energ, and they are made up of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

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13
Q

What are proteins?

A

They are made up of amino acids and nitrogen. They are used to build new tissue, clogging factors, and form hormones. There are 9 essential amino acids

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14
Q

What foods have protein in them

A

Eggs, dairy, lean meat, poultry, soybeans, quinoa, and tofu

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15
Q

What are fats and what are they used for?

A

They are lipids and the secondary energy source for the body. Fatty areas protect the body and the organs. They help break down stuff for digestion, and are needed for fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)

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16
Q

Give examples of fats on the body

A

Cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides (saturatedor unsaturated)

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17
Q

Where are fat-soluble vitamins stored in the body when not being used?

A

In the liver

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18
Q

Where are water-soluble vitamins absorbed and excreted?

A

Absorbed in the aging tract and excreted through the urine

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19
Q

Where do most of our nutrients come from?

A

From our foods

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20
Q

Where do we get vitamin D from?

A

UV Rays, fatty fish, orange juice, soy milk, beef liver, cheese, egg yolks, etc.

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21
Q

What is the function of electrolytes?

A

maintain fluid balance and participate in energy production

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22
Q

Where is calcium primary found in the body?

A

In the bones and teeth

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23
Q

What is the function of water in the body?

A

transports wast out of our bodies, regulates our metabolic processes, regulate body temperature, internal lubricants, maintain blood volume, and assist with gauging fluid balance

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24
Q

What things should a nurse consider about how a patient gets their oral intake of nutrients?

A
  1. Sometimes they may not get out of their nutrients if they have chewing or swallowing complications
  2. Ask how their dentation is (ex: for younger children do they have all their teeth; for older people- how are their dentures and are they properly fitting)
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25
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process of mechanical and chemical breakdown of food in the stomach. It begins in the mouth, but most of it takes place in the intestine and stomach.

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26
Q

What is absorption?

A

When nutrients are absorbed by the villi in the intestinal tract and they are then taken to the capillaries, and then into the vascular system

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27
Q

Which part of the intestine is the primary part for absorbing trace minerals?

A

The duodenum (upper portion of the small intestine)

28
Q

Which part of the intestine is the primary part for absorbing water-soluble vitamins and proteins?

A

The jejunum (middle section)

29
Q

Which part of the intestine is the primary part for absorbing fat and fat-soluble vitamins?

A

The ileum (lower section)

30
Q

Which part of the intestine is primarily responsible for absorbing water?

A

The colon (large intestine)

31
Q

Regarding elimination, what should be increased when preventing problems?

A

Increase in food and fluid intake

32
Q

What should a nurse do with surgery patients to improve their elimination after surgery?

A

If they are able to, get them up and moving and increase their fiber intake

33
Q

What is cellular metabolism?

A

Includes hormonal and enzymatic cellular processes

34
Q

What happens to your cells if you do not have adequate intake of nutrients?

A

They are not able to function properly and perform cellular metabolism

35
Q

Why do children have different nutritional needs than adults?

A

They grow rapidly. (during the first year of life, their birth weight triples and length increases by an average of 50%)

36
Q

Why should infants be limited to breast milk or formula for the first 6 months of life?

A
  1. lack of teeth
  2. lack of chewing capability,
  3. immature GI tract
37
Q

What are children most at risk for involving food intake?

A

Choking because they have a small orophyarx. (foods need to be provided in small bites)

38
Q

What does under-nutrition affect in children?

A

organ and brain development, limit the ability to participate in life, tissue repair, and immunity

39
Q

What is encouraged for a pregnant woman to increase her intake of?

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, and most micronutrients

40
Q

What is the expected weight gain for a woman going through pregnancy?

A

15-40 lbs

41
Q

Give an example of a disorder caused by nutritional deficits during pregnancy

A

A lack of folic acid increases the risk for spina bifida

42
Q

What nutritional needs increase during adolescence?

A

The need for protein, calcium, iron, vitamin D, and overall caloric intake

43
Q

What nutrient is important for girls starting their menstrual cycles to know about?

A

For girls starting their menstrual cycles make sure they are getting enough irons. Make sure they are not having anemia.

44
Q

What is a social pressure for adolescents that may cause a barrier for proper nutrition?

A

pressure to be thin and join sports

45
Q

Why is bone health so important for adolescents and how do they improve their bone health?

A

Bone health in adulthood depends on bone density acquired in adolescence. They can increase bone health by doing weight-bearing exercises

46
Q

Approximately how many adults in the US are obese?

A

1/3 adults

47
Q

What can be barriers to proper nutrition in adults?

A
  1. Food choices such as prepackaged food and fast foods

2. food costs increasing

48
Q

What should you teach patients about diet fads?

A

The advantages and disadvantages of each diet fad

49
Q

Why would calorie needs be lowered for older adults?

A

They have declining physical activity, but vitamin and mineral intake should increase

50
Q

Is obesity still a concern with older adults?

A

yes

51
Q

Due to decreased peristalsis (increased risk for constipation), what nutritional need increases for older adults?

A

more fiber and fluids

52
Q

What can be a challenge for an older adult who is not living alone, and what can be done to improve the situation?

A
  1. eating alone and cooking for one can become a challenge
    What can be done:
  2. meal prep or freezer meals
  3. setting up weekly luncheon
53
Q

What are some barriers to proper nutrition for older adults?

A
  1. needing assistance with eating and strict feeding schedules
  2. Decreased ability to ingest because of poor dentation, difficulty swallowing, and decreased taste perception due to decreased saliva production
  3. Atrophy in esophagus
  4. changes in cognition
  5. polypharmacy
54
Q

Because of decreased taste perception, what will older adults often do to their food?

A

It can decrease their want to eat and they wind up putting more salt on their foods

55
Q

How does changes in cognition affect the nutrition of an older adult?

A

They may not have the mental capacity to know that it is time to eat

56
Q

What is polypharmacy and how does it relate to nutrition?

A

Polypharmacy is the use of many drugs at the same time.

They may have more than one medication that could decrease their appetite

57
Q

What are a few things older adults can do to get all of their nutrients?

A
  1. Protein boost or ensure drinks

2. Add protein powder to their soups and drinks

58
Q

What populations are most at risk for malnutrition?

A
  1. Low socioeconomic status, race or ethnicity, certain heritages that are predisposed to disease
  2. Very young children
  3. elderly adults
  4. Alzheimer’s or dementia (they aren’t aware that they need to eat)
  5. Bariatric or GI procedure lessens the ability to absorb nutrients
59
Q

What things should a nurse consider during a physiological and psychosocial function assessment for nutrition?

A
  1. Are there any family or social triggers? (are their friends eating a particular amount of food or diet?)
  2. Do they have any comorbidities that may cause muscle wasting and weight loss (cancer, hyperthyroidism, impaired GI function, Gastric Bypass)
  3. Are they on any meds leading to weight gain/loss?
  4. Are there any restrictions in their diet based on religion?
60
Q

What things should a nurse consider when performing a physical assessment based on nutrition?

A
  1. check mucous membranes/oral cavity/ dentation (are their lips or mouth dry, are there any sores, do their dentures fit well)
  2. If female, are they still menstruating? (if they are not getting their nutrients, their menstrual cycles can stop)
  3. Monitor I&O, VS, Weight, and BMI (be aware that weight may be normal or above with bulimia nervosa)
  4. Check lab/diagnostic tests
61
Q

What are some common lab tests for nutrition?

A
  1. albumin (if low protein they are at risk for edema)
  2. Blood glucose & hemoglobin A1c: important when talking to diabetics
  3. lipid profile: includes Cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, and LDL
  4. electrolytes, BUN, tests to rule out anemia, calcium, phosphorus, and Vitamin D levels
  5. CBC and CMP
62
Q

What are common radiographic scans for nutrition?

A

Electrocardiogram

Electrolyte imbalances can cause decreased HR and BP, irregular HR (that lead to heart failure)

63
Q

What are DEXA scans used for?

A

To measure bone density, low calcium levels, or vitamin D intake

64
Q

What are some nonpharmacologic techniques used for eating/malabsorption disorders?

A
  1. Develop a therapeutic relationship (helps them deal with anxiety that leads to an eating disorder)
  2. Education on a proper diet (some people are raised that hungry man dinners are a well balanced meal, show them a meal plate, avoid foods that cause intolerance)
  3. Exercise program
65
Q

What are some pharmacologic techniques used for eating/malabsorption disordes?

A
  1. antidepressant or antianxiety meds (someone with an eating disorder)
  2. Enteral nutrition (Given via PEG/NG tube)
  3. Parenteral nutrition (Given via IV or TPN)
  4. Vitamin supplements
66
Q

Give an example of a surgical technique used for eating/malabsorption disorders?

A

Bariatric surgery (can lead to absorption issues, if they have had this surgery supplement the nutrients)

Patient Centered Care 1 (14 decks)

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