Nutrition

Question 1

Humans and animals store excess energy from starches in the form of _________________. It is stored predominately in the liver and muscles and then broken down when glucose is needed in the bloodstream.

Answer 1

glycogen

Question 2

If a person has a diet that does not include many fruits or vegetables, what else will the diet plan lack that is not widely found in other food groups?

Answer 2

Fiber

Question 3

The sweetness of milk and dairy products comes from the presence of _______

Answer 3

Lactose

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the role of insulin in the body?

Answer 4

It is a hormone that signals the body to move glucose from the blood and into certain organs.

Question 5

What are the health benefits of whole grains?

Answer 5

They have fiber, vitamins, and minerals other low-quality carb foods do not have.

Question 6

The mechanical and chemical digestion of carbohydrates begins in the ______________.

Answer 6

Mouth

Question 7

The most common disaccharides are…

Answer 7

Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose

Question 8

According to the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), what are the risk factors we can (typically) control to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Answer 8

High blood pressure, high cholesterol, cigarette smoking, diabetes (Type 2), poor diet, physical inactivity, overweight and obesity.

Question 9

Nonessential fatty acids are considered “nonessential” because…

Answer 9

These are fats the body is capable of making from the foods we eat.

Question 10

Lipids can be categorized into main types called…

Answer 10

Triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols

Question 11

Triglycerides control the body’s internal climate, maintaining constant ______________.

Answer 11

Temperature

Question 12

Phospholipids are ideal ______________ that can keep oil and water mixed.

Answer 12

Emulsifiers

Question 13

Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are classified as ________________ and are ___________ to human health.

Answer 13

essential fatty acids; beneficial

Question 14

Which of the following lists foods which contain the healthiest form of fats:

Answer 14

Nuts (walnuts, pecans, almonds), plant-based oils (canola, corn, flaxseed), and fish (trout, salmon)

Question 15

Generally people are advised to obtain most fats from ______________ fats.

Answer 15

polyunsaturated and monounsaturated

Question 16

Simple carbohydrates stimulate the most sensitive of all taste sensations, the taste of _____________

Answer 16

Sweet

Question 17

A diet that is too high in simple sugars can lead to…

Answer 17

Obesity, tooth decay, diabetes, being overweight, high blood sugar

Question 18

Which type of carbohydrate is most likely to promote digestion and a healthy movement of foods through the gastrointestinal track?

Answer 18

Fiber

Question 19

There is enough scientific evidence to support that diets high in __________ reduce the risk of obesity and diabetes, which are primary risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

Answer 19

Fiber

Question 20

Why are polysaccharides known as “slow-releasing” sugars?

Answer 20

They are stored energy that must be converted to usable energy when needed

Question 21

Humans do not produce the enzymes needed to break down dietary fiber, however, _________ in the large intestine (colon) do.

Answer 21

Bacteria

Question 22

If a person has a diet too low in healthy fats it can increase cholesterol and inflammation of the joints, tissues, and bloodstream. That person would be encouraged to include more of which foods in the diet?

Answer 22

Salmon and nuts for omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

Question 23

Polyunsaturated fats are beneficial because they both lower ____ and raise____.

Answer 23

LDL;HDL

Question 24

Which of the following should you include in your diet to reduce the absorption of cholesterol from food into the bloodstream during digestion?

Answer 24

Soluble fiber

Question 25

The primary biological functions of lipids within the body include everything EXCEPT:

Answer 25

Building body fat to excessive levels

Question 26

Which of the following lists foods which contain the healthiest form of fats:

Answer 26

Nuts (walnuts, pecans, almonds), plant-based oils (canola, corn, flaxseed), and fish (trout, salmon)

Question 27

Lipids are a family of __________ compounds that are mostly ___________ in water.

Answer 27

organic; insoluble

Question 28

According to the textbook, the largest influence on blood cholesterol levels is …

Answer 28

The mix of saturated and trans fats in the diet.

Question 29

The textbook states that eating tomatoes with olive oil or salad dressing will facilitate lycopene absorption. Why is this?

Answer 29

Certain micronutrients are better absorbed when fat is present.

Question 30

Nutritional scientists research the types of molecules found in food items. If one is trying to determine the types of carbohydrates present in a food item, what should he/she research?

Answer 30

The chemical structure of the molecules present

Question 31

Which of the following best summarizes what research has shown about the safety of artificial sweeteners?

Answer 31

Generally, they are regarded as safe by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration).

Question 32

Which of the following statements can we firmly conclude regarding disease and sugar intake?

Answer 32

Obtaining carbs from whole grains instead of refined grains promotes weight loss and reduces disease risk.

Question 33

The two subgroups of simple carbohydrates are …

Answer 33

monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 34

____________ carbohydrates include fruits, juices, candies, desserts, and diary products while ____________ carbohydrates include starchy vegetables, beans and whole grains.

Answer 34

Fast-releasing; slow-releasing

Question 35

Some starches are not digested and remain intact throughout digestion. These are called ___________starches.

Answer 35

Resistant

Question 36

Triglycerides control the body’s internal climate, maintaining constant ______________.

Answer 36

Temperature

Question 37

Which of the following most accurately describes the role of cholesterol in the human body and diet?

Answer 37

It is naturally produced in the body and is found in all cells. It is crucial to health but excess of it in the diet can lead to heart disease.

Question 38

Fat contributes to satiety, or the sensation of ____________.

Answer 38

Fullness

Question 39

Most of the energy required by the human body is provided by…

Answer 39

Carbohydrates and lipids

Question 40

Which of the following should you include in your diet to reduce the absorption of cholesterol from food into the bloodstream during digestion?

Answer 40

Soluble fiber

Question 41

The enzyme that is primarily responsible for the chemical digestion of lipids is ____________.

Answer 41

Lipase

Question 42

Sugar alcohols are ___________ derivatives of monosaccharides.

Answer 42

Glycosides

Question 43

What are the concerns associated with consuming products produced through hydrogenation?

Answer 43

Hydrogenation destroys omega 3's and 6's, can cause inflammation and doesn't give much nutritional value

Question 44

is intake of phospholipids through diet a health concern?

Answer 44

Yes, phospholipids in food can have implications, for instance in liver disease, cholesterol control, cognition and brain development, or exercise capacity

Question 45

Why are low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) known as the “bad cholesterol”?

Answer 45

Can clog artery walls-Also already naturally occurring in the body

Question 46

When considering food choices, which fatty food item(s) would be considered the healthiest?

Answer 46

Vegetable and animal fats

Question 47

The most abundant structural protein in the body is collagen. Collagen makes bones...

Answer 47

Strong but flexible

Question 48

What is the general consensus on whether athletes need more protein compared to the average person?

Answer 48

It is debatable, but worth noting that this affects very few and even the higher recommendation is still within AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range).

Question 49

Diets ________________have been linked to an increase in risk for kidney stones, kidney disease, liver malfunction, colorectal cancer, and osteoporosis.

Answer 49

High in red meat

Question 50

One of the primary roles of the protein hemoglobin is to...

Answer 50

bind to oxygen and transport it throughout the body

Question 51

Athletes are often advised to eat something with protein and carbs within 1 hour after exercise. Why is this?

Answer 51

This enhances muscle tissue repair during the recovery phase.

Question 52

Which of the following places the phases of wound healing in the correct order from start to finish?

Answer 52

Inflammatory; proliferative; remodeling

Question 53

If a person takes in too much water in a short period of time, the result could be that the cells ____________.

Answer 53

Swell

Question 54

If a person consumes more protein in the diet than needed by the body, the excess protein...

Answer 54

is broken down and transformed into body fat.

Question 55

If we compare a hamburger patty made from 80% lean meat versus 95% lean meat, which of the following is true?

Answer 55

The amount of protein is the same, but the 95% lean meat is lower in saturated fat and cholesterol.

Question 56

Alcohol metabolism activates an enzyme that transforms this substance,____________, into a toxic metabolite that causes liver inflammation and damage, which might not be reversible. Which over-the-counter medication is this? (hint: you should never take this with alcohol!)

Answer 56

Tylenol/acetaminophen

Question 57

Which of the following is the primary reason a person would feel ill (“hangover”) after excessive intake of alcohol?

Answer 57

Dehydration

Question 58

Which of the following best describes what occurs during cirrhosis?

Answer 58

Liver cells die and form scar tissue, which blocks blood flow and leads to a buildup of toxins

Question 59

The breakdown of ethanol begins in the _____________.

Answer 59

Liver

Question 60

Why does an over consumption of alcohol often lead to weight gain?

Answer 60

Alcohol has a lot of calories

Question 61

The legal limit for intoxication is a BAC of 0.08. If a person is legally intoxicated and stops consuming alcohol, how long does it take for that person to achieve sobriety?

Answer 61

At least 5 hours

Question 62

According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, “binge drinking” is when a man consumes _______ or more drinks and a woman consumes ______ or more drinks in two hours or less.

Answer 62

5;4

Question 63

90% of ingested alcohol is metabolized (broken down) in the ______.

Answer 63

Liver

Question 64

When a protein is exposed to a different environment, such a much higher temperature, the protein loses its shape also known as __________

Answer 64

Denaturation

Question 65

Why must the blood pH be closely regulated in the body?

Answer 65

If the pH is too high or too low proteins denature.

Question 66

Some of the amino acids are considered “nonessential” because these amino acids are...

Answer 66

made by the body and therefore not needed in the diet

Question 67

The healing process begins when proteins such as bradykinin which ...

Answer 67

dilate blood vessels at the site of injury

Question 68

During a blood test, it is discovered a person has a higher than usual composition of antibodies. What might this mean?

Answer 68

He/she is having an immune reaction to something

Question 69

_______________ are chemical messengers made by proteins and produced by endocrine glands.

Answer 69

Horomones

Question 70

If an enzyme needs to be turned on or off, which of the following groups of macromolecules is most likely involved?

Answer 70

Horomones

Question 71

Which of the following best explains how Breathalyzers work?

Answer 71

They detect the amount of alcohol excreted through the breath

Question 72

Which of the following best describes what occurs during cirrhosis?

Answer 72

Liver cells die and form scar tissue, which blocks blood flow and leads to a buildup of toxins

Question 73

Alcohol is considered a psychoactive drug because…

Answer 73

it is a substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier and affects the function of the brain

Question 74

Are any of the forms of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) reversible?

Answer 74

Yes, fatty liver is reversible but cirrhosis is not

Question 75

Which of the following is the most common nutrient deficiency among alcoholics?

Answer 75

Water