nutrition and energy metabolism Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
metabolism
A
the sum of all of the chemical reactions that are involved in catabolism and anabolism
2
Q
catabolic reactions
A
- the breakdown of food to obtain energy
- large organic molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, releasing energy within its chemical bonds
3
Q
anabolic reactions
A
- uses energy released by catabolic reactions to synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones, like amino acids into proteins
4
Q
calorie
A
the amount of heat it takes to raise 1kg of water by 1 celcius.
avg person needs 1500-2000 cals per day
5
Q
recommended dietary allowance
A
- used as a general guid for the amt of micronutrients required on a daily basis
6
Q
essential nutrient
A
- ## molecules that act as a precursor when ingested and modifies in bodies
7
Q
vitamin
A
- organic compounds found in foods, necessary for biochemical reactions in the body
- ingested directly or produced by modifying specific precursor molecules to be ingested
- ## they are required and cannot be produced from other types of nutrients
8
Q
mineral
A
- inorganic ions/ compounds that work with other nutrients to ensure the body functions properly
- cannot be produced in the human body and must be ingested
9
Q
cellular respiration
A
- respiration at a cellular level
- sugar from food and oxygen is used in cellular respiration to create energy for the cells in the body to live
- a catabolic reaction of glucose that releases energy
10
Q
oxidation
A
- the loss of electrons
OIL = oxidation is loss
11
Q
reduction
A
- gain of electrons
RIG = reduction is gain
12
Q
substrate-level phosphorylation
A
- metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to ADP from another phosphorylated compound
13
Q
oxidative decarboxylation
A
reaction where a carboxyl group (coo) is removed from a molecule as carbon dioxide, and the rest of the molecule is oxidized ,,
14
Q
gluconeogensis
A
- synthesis of glucose from non-carb sources like amino acids, lactate, and glycerol
15
Q
ketoacidosis
A
16
Q
lipogenesis
A
conversion of excess glucose or other nutrients into fat
17
Q
deamination
A
removal of amine groups (nh2) from an amino acid
18
Q
absorptive state
A
- fed state/ energy storae mode
- during and shortly after eating (4hrs)
- stores nutrients for later use
- major processes: glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis
19
Q
glycogenesis
A
converting glucose into glycogen for storage
20
Q
postabsorptive state
A
- fasting state/ energy utilization mode
- more than 4hrs after eating
- maintains blood glucose levels for energy
- major processes: glycogenolysis, gluconeogenisis, lipolysis, ketogenesis (fats to ketones)
21
Q
glycogenolysis
A
glycogen into glucose to provide energy when blood sugar levels are low
22
Q
a (retinal or β-carotene)
A
function: eye & bone development, immune function
water or fat soluble: ft
23
Q
D (cholecalciferol)
A
function: aids in calcium and phosphorus absorption,, promoting bone growth
water or fat soluble: fat
24
Q
E (tocopherols)
A
function: antioxidant
water or fat soluble: fat
25
K (phylloquinone)
function: blood clotting, bone health
water or fat soluble: fat
26
Thiamine (B1)
function: synthesis of pyruvate dehydrogenase for carbohydrate metabolism (pyruvate -> acetyl CoA)
water or fat soluble: water
27
Riboflavin (b2)
function: synthesis of FAD for metabolism; production of RBC
water or fat soluble: water
28
niacin (b3)
function: Synthesis of NAD+ for metabolism; nerve function; cholesterol production
water or fat soluble: water
29
pantothenic acid (b5)
function: synthesis of coenzyme A for metabolism
water or fat soluble: water
30
pyridoxine (b6)
function: sodium/potassium balance; RBC synthesis; amino acid metabolism; glycogenolysis, gluconeogenisis, and ceramide syntehesis
water or fat soluble: water
31
biotin (b7)
function: cell growth, fatty acid metabolism, blood cell production
water or fat soluble: water
32
folic acid (b9)
function: DNA/ protein synthesis
water or fat soluble: water
33
cyanobalamin (b12)
function: fatty acid oxidation, nerve cell function, erythrocyte production
water or fat soluble: water
34
C (ascorbic acid)
function: collagen production (formation of connective tissues and teeth, and wound healing)
water or fat soluble: water
35
potassium K+
nerve and muscle function, electrolytes
36
sodium Na+
blood pressure, blood volume, nerve and muscle function, electrolyte
37
calcium Ca2+
bone structure and health; nerve and muscle functions especially cardiac function; electrolyte
38
phosphorus (phosphate PO4^3-)
bone formation metabolism; ATP production
39
magnesium (Mg2+)
enzyme activation; ATP production, regulation of other nutrients
40
chloride Cl-
balance of body fluids, digestion, electrolytes
41
ATP
- chemical energy released when glucose is broken down is captured in ATP
- directly powers chemical reactions in cells
- cells need a constant supply of ATP for their energy needs
-
42
NAD+/NADH
- coenzymes that act as electron carriers
- transports these electrons to incredibly small machines that use the energy from these electrons to make ATP in the mitochondria
43
FAD/FADH2
44
glycolysis
- first step of glucose catabolism
- does not require oxygen
- requires the initial use of 2 molecules of ATP, energizing the glucose molecule, forming a different 6 C compound which is then split
- resulting 3c compounds are oxidized by NAD+ (energy harvest phase)
- goes from 1 six carbon compound (glucose) to 2 three carbon compounds (pyruvic acid)
45
krebs cycle
46
energy investment phase
- when glucose first enters the cell, it is
47
electron transport chain
48
chemiomosis
49
lactic acid fermentation
50
lipolysis
51
beta-oxidation
52
ketogenesis
53
what is the relationship between metabolism and body weight?
54
what factors affect the number of daily calories needed to survive?
55
what are the body’s essential nutrients?
56
compare and contrast fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins
57
glycolysis
starting material:
product produced:
58
acetyl-CoA formation
starting material:
product produced:
59
krebs cycle
starting material:
product produced:
60
briefly describe the steps involved in glycosis
61
briefly describe the steps involved in the Krebs cycle
- acetyl coa enters cylce
- co2 released
- energy carries produced = nadh fadh2
- atp generated
- regenerates oxaloacetate to keep going
62
describe the process of chemiosmosis
63
why do NADH and FADH2 generate different amts of ATP?
64
describe how many ATP molecules are produced per molecule of glucose, indicating where these ATP are produced and the mechanism that generates them
65
what is the purpose of fermentation pathways?
66
how does the number of ATP per glucose molecule differ in cells using only lactic acid fermentation compare to those that use aerobic cellular respiration?
67
why is it necessary for us to have gluconeogenesis?
68
briefly describe how your body converts triglycerides into ATP
69
how do bodies use ketone bodies for energy production
70
briefly describe how your body converts amino acids into ATP
71
Briefly describe the urea cycle. why do we need it?
metabolic pathway in the liver that removes excess nitrogen in the body, converting the toxic ammonia into urea that then gets excreted through pee
steps:
1. ammonia and bicarbonate react to form carbamoyl phosphate
2. carbamoyl phosphate combines with ornithine, making citrulline
3. citrulline and aspartate make argininosuccinate
4. argininosuccinate splits into arginine and fumarate
5. arginine is broken down into urea and orinthine
importance:
- detoxifies ammonia
- maintains nitrogen balance
- prevents toxicity
72
describe what happens in the body when it enters the fed state
73
describe what happens in the body when it enters the fasting state
74
describe what happens in the body as starvation progresses over time
