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BIO1810 Food Science > Nutrition and Health > Flashcards

Nutrition and Health Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What are Nutrients?

A

Nutrients are substances required by our body to maintain normal cellular functions.

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2
Q

What are Macronutrients?

A

Macronutrients are nutrients that we require in larger amounts. These encompass Water, Protein, Lipids and Carbohydrates.

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3
Q

What are Micronutrients?

A

Micronutrients are nutrients that are essential to our diet but only in small quantities. These encompass Vitamins and Minerals.

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4
Q

What states of nutrition can you over?

A

Balanced Nutrition and Malnutrition (Under and Over)

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5
Q

What is the main fuel source for the body?

A

Glucose is a major source - which is a Carbohydrate, they provide 4 kcal/g

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6
Q

What are carbohydrates made from?

A

Carbohydrates are composed oh Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen.

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7
Q

What versions of Carbohydrates can you get?

A

Carbohydrates come in simple sugars, complex sugars and indigestible sugars.

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8
Q

What are simple sugars?

A

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides are simple sugars, they contain one or two sugar units respectively.

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9
Q

What are some examples of simple sugars?

A

Glucose, Fructose, Sucrose and Lactose

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10
Q

What are Complex sugars?

A

Oligiosaccharides and Polysaccharides

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11
Q

What is an Oligiosaccharide?

A

It is a complex sugar that is formed from 2 - 10 monosaccharide residues.

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12
Q

What is a Polysaccharide?

A

a polysaccharide is a complex sugar that contains a ot of units of simple sugars

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13
Q

What are non-digestible sugars?

A

These are sugars that our body cannot digest, however they will usually ferment in our gut.

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14
Q

What are lipids and fats made from?

A

Lipids are composed of Carbons and Hydrogen, however there is fewer oxygen then carbohydrates

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15
Q

What type of lipids are there?

A

Fatty Acids, triglycerides, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols.

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16
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

A tryglyceride is a glycerol with three fatty acids attached.

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17
Q

What is the purpose of triglycerides?

A

Triglycerides are the storage molecules of fatty acids for the body such as adipose tissues.

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18
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids are carboxylic acids, you can have saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

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19
Q

What makes up a fatty acid?

A

A fatty acid is composed of a hydrocarbon chain attached to a carboxyl group.

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20
Q

What is a saturated fatty acid?

A

A saturated fatty acid mean that all carbon to carbon bonds are singular and therefor fully saturated with hydrogens.

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21
Q

What is an unsaturated fatty acids?

A

An unsaturated fatty acid is where the carbons are not completely saturated by hydrogens. As a result there will be double and triple bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.

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22
Q

What is a monounsaturated fat?

A

a monounsaturated fat means that there is one carbon to carbon bond that is a double bond.

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23
Q

What is a polyunsaturated fat?

A

a polyunsaturated fat means that there are numerous carbon to carbon bonds with double bonds.

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24
Q

what are the two most important fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acids (LA) and alpha linoleic acid (ALA)

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25
What are LA and ALA
these acids are essential omega acids, our body cannot produce them and therefor it is critical that they are included in our diet.
26
what are the dietary sources of linoeic acid and alpha linoeic acid.
Oils (particularly fish) Nuts and Seeds
27
What are proteins comprised of?
Proteins contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen - proteins typicall are formed by joining amino acids.
28
What are proteins used for?
Proteins are used for enzymes, hormones, transporters and antibodies. They can be used for energy but it is a last resort.
29
What are essential amino acids?
Essential amino acids are amino acids that our body cannot produce on its own and therefor relies on our diet to introduce it to our system.
30
Why is water important in our diet?
It acts as a solvent and lubricant in our body. Helps temperature regulation acts as a transporter of nutrients in our blood.
31
What are minerals?
Minerals are inorganic compounds that are typically ions.
32
What are some typical minerals required in our diet?
Na+, K+, MG2+, CA2+ and Cl -
33
What are minerals critical for?
Minerals are critical in maintaining function in our nervous system. they maintain electrolyte and water levels
34
What are vitamins?
These are organic molecules that maintain cellular functions. Most participate in energy production pathways, however the have minimal energy values themselves. we cannot produce these in our body
35
What groups of vitamins are there?
There is water soluble and fat soluble vitamins. Vitamins A, D, E and K are all fat soluble whilst Vitamins B and C are water soluble. the fat soluble vitamins can be store whilst the water soluble vitamins are excreeted.
36
What is Glycolosis?
Glycolosis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.
37
Why is pyruvate important?
Because we can convert pyruvate into Acetyl -CoA
38
Why do we need Acetyl -CoA
Because we break it down in the citric cycle to convert it to free electrons, these free electrons are then used to convert ADP to ATP.
39
What are the three processes that glucose undergoes to produce energy?
Glycolosis, Citric Acid Cycle and Electron transfer.
40
Why is the pathway that metabolises glucose important?
Because it can also metabolise lipids and proteins
41
How many molecules of pyruvate does one glucose make?
You get 2 molecules of pyruvate for every glucose molecule.
42
what happens if we have an excess of glucose?
If we have an excess of glucose in the glycolosis system then glycogenesis will begin.
43
What does glycogenesis do?
Glycogenesis converts glucose into glycogen, we use glycogen as a energy reserve.
44
how do we get glucose from glycogen?
Glycogenolysis
45
What is the electron transport chain?
The ETC funnels protons into the mitochondria to convert ADP to ATP
46
Why is glucose better then fructose?
Fructose has a different structure and as such favours being converted into triglyceride, which increases obesity and type 2 diabetes.
47
What is the glycaemic index?
It is the comparison of the % blood glucose response of a food containing glucose compared to pure glucose.
48
why is a higher Glycaemic index bad?
Because it overloads our metabolic system.
49
Why is lower glycaemic index good?
Because after eating a particular food it will not put burden on the body to metabolise the glucose.
50
What is the pitfall to GI
GI does not take into account fructose which is a major producer of triclycerides.
51
What is the glyceamic load?
the glycaemic load is (Grams of Carbs in 1 serve times by (Glycaemic index over 100)
52
What are the different levels of GI
Under 55% is low 55 to 70% is medium and 70% above is high
53
Why do we need Na+
This ion is a major ion in extra cellular fluid which maintains the electrical grandients across membranes.
54
Where do we get Na+
White bread, meat, cheese, soup and tomato sauce
55
What do deficiencies in Na+ lead to?
Dehydration, sweating, vomiting, dizziness and shock.
56
Why do we need K+
Major ion in Intracellular fluid which maintains electrical gradients across membranes
57
Where do we get K+
Bananas
58
What do defficiencies in K+ lead to?
Hypokalemia
59
What is a trace mineral?
Trace minerals are minerals that we need even less of then the major ones such as sodium ions and potassium ions
60
What is selenium and why do we need it?
selenium is a trace mineral that is required for redox reactions.
61
Where do we get selenium
Cereals, black tea, milk powder, mushrooms, soybeans, lima beans and broccoli
62
What are the results of selenium deficiencies?
cardiomyopathy, hypothyroid cretinism
63
Why do we need iron?
We need it for haemoglobin and enzymes.
64
What happen if we are defficient in iron
Anaemia
65
why do we need iodine
For the synthesis of thyroid hormones, we get it from fish
66
what happens if we do not get enough iodine
Hypothyroidism
67
What is vitamin A
Retinol, Retinal and Retinoic Acid which plays a role in vision.
68
Where do we get it from?
B-Carotene (carrots) and fish, liver and oil.
69
What happens if we have a deficiency in Vitamin A
Poor growth, diminished vision.
70
What is Vitamin D
Vitamin D is synthesised by our cells by using sunlight to convert cholesterol into vitamin D
71
What happens if you are deficient in vitamin D
Ricketes
72
What is vitamin e
They are tocopherols and tocopheroids that are gained from wehat, peanuts and asparagus
73
What happens if you are deficient in vitamin E
Fat absorption problems
74
What is Vitamin K and why do we need it
It is a vitamin that is required for blood clotting
75
What is vitamin B
These act as coenzymes, major ones are thiamin, riboflavin and niacin
76
What is vitamin C and why do we need it
Ascorbic acid, is a cofactor for metalloenxymes
77
What is Diabetes?
It is hyperglaecemia - which means there is excess glucose in the blood. There are two categories of diabetes Type 1 and 2
78
What is type 1 diabetes?
This is due to a low production of insulin, we can combat this by introducing more insulin into the system.
79
What is type 2 diabetes?
The most common type, our body gains resistance to insulin causing an influx of glucose in the system. We can treat this by modifying the diet and exercise regime.
80
What complications are associated with diabetes?
Cardiovascular disease, nephropathy and neuropathy. Essentially organs gets damaged
81
what is lactose intolerance?
Our gut doesn't have sufficient lactase to be able to break down the lactose.
82
What do proteins do?
They build and maintain muscle, they also account for 18 to 20 % of your body.
83
What are major protein difficiencies
Marasmus and kwashiorkor
84
What are the causes of marasmus
Diet deficient in both protein and calories.
85
what are the causes of kwashiorkor
diet deficient in just protein

BIO1810 Food Science (7 decks)

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