Nutrition and Metabolism

Question 1

What is Nutrition?

Answer 1

The nutrients that are provided by the food we eat.

Question 2

What is meant by Metabolism?

Answer 2

What the body does with the nutrients we ingest once they are delivered to the cell.

Question 3

What examples of nutrients are used for growth and repair or maintenance?

Answer 3

Fats, Proteins, Vitamins and Minerals.

Question 4

What are macronutrients?

Required in large amounts

Answer 4

Carbohydrates, Proteins and Fat.

Question 5

What are micronutrients?

Required in small amounts

Answer 5

Minerals and Vitamins.

Question 6

List 3 examples of monosaccharides…

Answer 6

Galactose, Glucose & Fructose.

Question 7

List 2 examples of Disaccharides…

Answer 7

Sucrose & Lactose.

Question 8

List 2 examples of Polysaccharides…

complex carbohydrates

Answer 8

Cellulose & Starch.

Question 9

All carbohydrates generate…

Answer 9

Glucose.

Question 10

List 2 uses of carbohydrates within the body…

Answer 10

1. Converted into energy - Neurons and red blood cells depend on glucose.
2. Form structural components of other molecules - Eg glycoproteins.

Question 11

What is the daily requirement of Carbohydrates within the body?

Answer 11

230 grams

Question 12

Nearly all carbohydrate come from…

Answer 12

Plants

Question 13

What is fibre?

Answer 13

An animal or plant carbohydrate that resists digestion.

Question 14

List 2 effects of fibre…

Answer 14

1. Absorbs water into the intestines & softens stools.

2. Provides bulk to speed up transit time.

Question 15

What is the body’s daily requirement of fibre?

Answer 15

24 grams

Question 16

An excess of fibre in the diet…

Answer 16

Interferes with mineral absorption such as iron and calcium.

Question 17

Proteins constitute what percentage of body mass?

Answer 17

12-15%

Question 18

Proteins are broken down into…

Answer 18

Amino acids in the digestive tract.

Question 19

Transamination occurs in the…

Answer 19

Liver.

Question 20

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 20

20.

Question 21

How many amino acids must be ingested as they cannot be synthesised by the body?

Answer 21

8.

Question 22

What is the body’s daily requirement of protein?

Answer 22

45-50 grams depending on age & sex.

Question 23

Amino acids have an…

Answer 23

Amino group and a carboxyl (acid) group.

Question 24

Complete proteins which contain all of the essential amino acids are found in…

Answer 24

Animal Products.

Question 25

Incomplete proteins which lack one or more of the essential amino acids are found in...

Answer 25

Plant sources.

Question 26

Advantage of getting protein from animal sources?

Answer 26

These sources also provide other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals.

Question 27

Disadvantage of using plant sources for protein?

Answer 27

They must be combined to ensure all amino acids are provided.

Question 28

List 4 uses of lipids...

Answer 28

1. Energy storage - twice as much per gram as sugars and proteins. 2. Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins 3. Plasma membranes and myelin. 4. Precursor of steroids, bile salts, vitamin D & prostaglandins.

Question 29

What is the body's daily requirement of lipids?

Answer 29

70 grams of which 20 grams should be saturated.

Question 30

Most fatty acids can be...

Answer 30

Synthesised.

Question 31

Are lipids water soluble?

Answer 31

No

Question 32

How are Lipids transported in the blood?

Answer 32

As lipoprotein droplets.

Question 33

Chylomicrons transport...

Answer 33

Triglycerides & cholesterol from the small intestine to the liver via lymphatic vessels.

Question 34

Sources of vitamins?

Answer 34

Meat and vegetables.

Question 35

Sources of Minerals?

Answer 35

Vegetables, milk, eggs, meat, fish and shellfish.

Question 36

What nutrients must be increased in pregnancy?

Answer 36

Fibre and protein.

Question 37

What minerals are required in pregnancy?

Answer 37

Calcium, Folate, Zinc, Iodine & Iron.

Question 38

What vitamin is required when breastfeeding?

Answer 38

Vitamin D.

Question 39

1 Kilocalorie is equal to...

Answer 39

4.184 kilojoules

Question 40

Metabolic rate =

Answer 40

Rate of energy released from cells.

Question 41

What is Basal Metabolic Rate?

Answer 41

The energy release required to support vital organs at rest.

Question 42

What is anabolism?

Answer 42

Glucose converted to glycogen or triglycerides for storage.

Question 43

What is catabolism?

Answer 43

Glucose is used to form ATP by glycolysis

Question 44

Does Glycolysis require oxygen?

Answer 44

No

Question 45

What is the ATP yield from glycolysis?

Answer 45

2 molecules.

Question 46

In the absence of oxygen what is pyruvic acid converted into?

Answer 46

Lactic acid.

Question 47

In the presence of oxygen what is the yield of ATP?

Answer 47

38 molecules.

Question 48

What is normal blood plasma glucose?

Answer 48

3.5 - 8.0 mmol/L

Question 49

Where is insulin secreted?

Answer 49

From the beta cells of the pancreas.

Question 50

How does insulin lower blood glucose?

Answer 50

1. Increases entry of glucose into cells. 2. Stimulates glycogenesis. 3. Stimulates protein and fat synthesis. 4. Inhibits gluconeogenesis.

Question 51

Ketones are produced when the liver breaks down...

Answer 51

Fats and proteins.

Question 52

Too many ketones can lead to...

Answer 52

Ketoacidosis.

Question 53

Condition that leads to increased risk of ketoacidosis?

Answer 53

Diabetes mellitus.

Question 54

Does insulin increase or decrease blood glucose?

Answer 54

Decrease.

Question 55

Does glucagon increase or decrease blood glucose?

Answer 55

Increase.