Nutrition and Metabolism

Question 1

nutrients

Answer 1

chemicals taken into the body and used for the following: provide a source of energy, act as building blocks for the synthesis of complex organic molecules, and acts as catalysts in chemical reactions

Question 2

calories

Answer 2

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water one degree centigrade

Question 3

one kilocalories

Answer 3

equal to 1000 calories

Question 4

the major categories of nutrients

Answer 4

water, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals

Question 5

water

Answer 5

universal solvent; good at heat transfer; important reactant in a wide variety of chemical reactions; has no calories

Question 6

carbohydrates

Answer 6

simple carbohydrates or complex carbohydrates; primary role is to provide energy; 4 calories per gram

Question 7

simple carbohydrates

Answer 7

a basic sugar molecule like glucose (referred to as a monosaccharide); small molecules which usually can be quickly digested and absorbed

Question 8

complex carbohydrates

Answer 8

known as polysaccharides; consist of large numbers of simple sugars bonded together; it usually takes longer to break these apart and absorb the components

Question 9

the glycemic index

Answer 9

a measure of how quickly the carbohydrates of a particular food are digested and glucose enters the bloodstream; the higher the number, the higher the glycemic index

Question 10

adult onset diabetes

Answer 10

insulin resistant diabetes

Question 11

proteins

Answer 11

the primary role is to provide amino acids, which are then used to build our own proteins; there are 20 types of amino acids; can also be used as an energy source; 4 calories per gram

Question 12

essential amino acids

Answer 12

the specific types of amino acids that must be consumed as part of the diet

Question 13

complete protein source

Answer 13

a food containing all of the essential amino acids

Question 14

incomplete protein source

Answer 14

a food that is missing one or more of the essential amino acids

Question 15

lipids

Answer 15

include fats, oils, and waxes; long chains of carbons and hydrogens and the bonds holding those chains together have a lot of stored chemical energy; 9 calories per gram; primary role is to provide energy; necessary to build cell membranes and used to make hormones

Question 16

low-density lipoproteins (LDL)

Answer 16

referred to as “bad” cholesterol; carries cholesterol out of the blood vessels, where it can accumulate and form plaque

Question 17

high-density lipoproteins (HDL)

Answer 17

referred to as “good” cholesterol; seem to provide protection against plaque deposits

Question 18

saturated fats

Answer 18

fully loaded with hydrogens; tend to be solids at room temperature; raise LDL levels

Question 19

unsaturated fats

Answer 19

have fewer hydrogens and more double bonds; the more extreme types are referred to as polyunsaturated; tend to be liquids at room temperature; provide some protection against plaque build-up

Question 20

trans-fatty acids

Answer 20

“man-made”; regular oil blasted with hydrogens (called hydrogenation); makes the lipid solid at room temperature and gives it a longer shelf life

Question 21

vitamins

Answer 21

a complex organic molecule needed in small quantities in the diet; a complex carbon-based molecule; humans require no fewer than 14 different vitamins in the diet

Question 22

vitamin disorders

Answer 22

• beriberi: vitamin B1 deficiency
• scurvy: vitamin C deficiency
• rickets: vitamin D deficiency

Question 23

minerals

Answer 23

inorganic molecules needed in small to moderate amounts in the diet; no fewer than 18 essential minerals

Question 24

structural components of minerals

Answer 24

• iron: needed to build hemoglobin molecules
• calcium: needed to build bone matrix
• sulfur: needed to build certain amino acids

Question 25

osteoporosis

Answer 25

common consequence of a chronic calcium deficiency

Question 26

basal metabolic rate

Answer 26

number of calories required each day to survive

Question 27

basal metabolism

Answer 27

calories needed to: maintain temperature, breathing, making new red blood cells, keep the heart beating, keep the digestive system running, operating the kidney and liver, and maintaining nervous system activity

Question 28

how to determine BMR

Answer 28

``` women = 65 + (4.36 x weight in lbs) + (4.32 x height in inches) - (4.7 x age in years) men = 66 + (6.8 x weight in lbs) + (12.7 x height in inches) - (6.8 x age in years) ```