nutrition- chapter 18 (vocab/disease processes)

Question 1

gingivitis

Answer 1

inflammation of the gums

Question 2

stomatitis

Answer 2

inflammation of the oral mucous lining

Question 3

glossitis

Answer 3

inflammation of the tongue

Question 4

cheilosis

Answer 4

dry, scaling process at the corners of the mouth

Question 5

herpes simplex virus

Answer 5

causes mouth sores (cold sores; fever blisters)

Question 6

thrush

Answer 6

• candidiasis
• mouth sores
• caused by Candida albicans (fungus)

Question 7

canker sores

Answer 7

caused by hemolytic Streptococcus

Question 8

mumps

Answer 8

virus that attacks the parotid gland

Question 9

xerostomia

Answer 9

chronic dry mouth

Question 10

dysphagia

Answer 10

difficulty swallowing

Question 11

esophagitis

Answer 11

inflammation of the esophagus

Question 12

achalasia

Answer 12

• disorder of the esophagus
• muscles of the tube fail to relax, inhibiting normal swallowing
• “cardiospasm”

Question 13

GERD

Answer 13

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Question 14

LES

Answer 14

lower esophageal sphincter

Question 15

scleroderma

Answer 15

hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissue

Question 16

Barrett’s esophagus

Answer 16

• complication of severe GERD
  -squamous cell epithelium of the esophagus changes to resemble the tissue lining the small intestine
• increases risk of adenocarcinoma

Question 17

fundoplication

Answer 17

• surgery used to fix GERD
• upper portion of the stomach is wrapped around the esophagus and sewn into place
• strengthens the esophageal sphincter

Question 18

hiatus

Answer 18

opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus enters the chest cavity

Question 19

hiatal hernia

Answer 19

occurs when a portion of the stomach protrudes through the hiatus

Question 20

peptic ulcer

Answer 20

• crater-like lesion in the wall of the stomach or duodenum
• results from continuous erosion through the mucosal layers down to the muscular layers

Question 21

PUD

Answer 21

peptic ulcer disease

Question 22

PUD causes

Answer 22

• infection with H. pylori
• long term use of NSAIDs
• may be exacerbated by excess stress, acid, and spicy food

Question 23

excessive NSAID use

Answer 23

• damages the gastric mucosa
• decreases mucosal integrity
• may result in erosion, ulceration, and bleeding

Question 24

gastroscopy

Answer 24

examination of the upper intestinal tract using a flexible tube with a small camera

Question 25

steatorrhea

Answer 25

fatty diarrhea

Question 26

short-bowel syndrome

Answer 26

- malabsorption disorder caused by a lack of functional small intestine - may result if repeated removal of parts of the small intestine is necessary due to disease progression

Question 27

idiopathic

Answer 27

of unknown cause

Question 28

megacolon

Answer 28

abnormally enlarged colon

Question 29

polymeric formula

Answer 29

- nutrition support formula - composed of complete protein, polysaccharides, and fat as medium-chain fatty acids

Question 30

elemental formula

Answer 30

- nutrition support formula - include protein as free amino acids and carbs as simple sugar (glucose) - components require no further digestive breakdown - readily absorbed

Question 31

hyperoxaluria

Answer 31

excess oxalate in the urine

Question 32

probiotic

Answer 32

contains live microbials

Question 33

prebiotic

Answer 33

nondigestible foods that promote growth of beneficial microorganisms in the gut

Question 34

refeeding syndrome

Answer 34

- occurs when severely malnourished individuals are fed a high-carb diet too aggressively - sudden shift in electrolytes and fluid balance causes complications involving several organs - potentially fatal

Question 35

diverticula

Answer 35

small protruding pouches/herniations in the colonic mucosa through the muscular layer

Question 36

diverticulitis

Answer 36

inflammation/infection of diverticula

Question 37

dysbiosis

Answer 37

imbalance of the intestinal microbiome

Question 38

lobectomy

Answer 38

surgical removal of a lobe of an organ (often liver)

Question 39

steatosis

Answer 39

accumulation of fat in the liver cells

Question 40

portal hypertension

Answer 40

high blood pressure in the portal vein

Question 41

hepatic encephalopathy

Answer 41

- result of liver disease - toxins in the blood lead to alterations in brain homeostasis - results in apathy, confusion, inappropriate behavior, altered consciousness, and eventually coma

Question 42

esophageal varices

Answer 42

- result of liver cirrhosis - pathologic dilation of the blood vessels within the wall of the esophagus - vessels can continue to expand to the point of rupturing

Question 43

ascites

Answer 43

accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity