Nutrition, Diet and Body Weight

Question 1

What do catabolic processes do?

Answer 1

Break down molecules to release energy in the form of reducing power

Question 2

What do anabolic processes do?

Answer 2

Use energy and raw materials to make larger molecules for growth and maintenance

Question 3

What do living things require energy for?

Answer 3

Biosynthetic work, transport work, mechanical work, electrical work and osmotic work

Question 4

What type of energy is used by cells?

Answer 4

Chemical bond energy

Question 5

What is the SI unit of food energy>

Answer 5

Kilojoule

Question 6

What does ‘calorie’ actually mean?

Answer 6

Kilocalorie

Question 7

How many kilojoules per calorie?

Answer 7

4.2 kJ

Question 8

What does the carbohydrate in our diet provide?

Answer 8

Mostly energy

Question 9

What does the protein in our diet provide?

Answer 9

Amino acids and energy

Question 10

What does the fat in our diet provide?

Answer 10

Energy and essential fatty acids

Question 11

What is fibre necessary for?

Answer 11

Normal GI function

Question 12

What are some major dietry carbohydrates?

Answer 12

Starch, sucrose, lactose, fructose, glucose, maltose, glycogen

Question 13

What is lactose?

Answer 13

Glucose & galactose disaccharide

Question 14

What is sucrose?

Answer 14

Table sugar!

Glucose & fructose dissacharide

Question 15

What is maltose?

Answer 15

Glucose-glucose dissacharide

Question 16

What is glycogen?

Answer 16

Polymer of glucose, carbohydrate storage molecule in animals

Question 17

Why can’t we get energy from cellulose?

Answer 17

We lack enzymes that break the b1-4 glycosidi bonds

Question 18

How many amino acids cannot be synthesised by the body and are therefore essential?

Answer 18

9

Question 19

What are the essential amino acids?

Answer 19

Isoleucine
Lysine
Threonine
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Valine

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Question 20

What other amino acids may children and pregnant women require from the diet?

Answer 20

Arginine, tyrosine and cysteine

Question 21

What are lipids composed of?

Answer 21

Triacylglycerols (3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol)

Question 22

Why do fats yield more energy?

Answer 22

Contain much less oxygen than carbohydrates or protein, more reduced so yield more energy when oxidised

Question 23

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 23

A, D E and K

Question 24

What are some essential fatty acids?

Answer 24

Linoleic and linolenic

Question 25

What state do saturated fats tend to be in at room temperature?

Answer 25

Solid

Question 26

What state do unsaturated fats tend to be in at room temperature?

Answer 26

Liquid

Question 27

What are some essential minerals and why?

Answer 27

Calcium and phosphorus (structural) Magnesium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, molybdenum (enzyme co factors) Iron (haemoglobin)

Question 28

What can a deficiency of vitamin A result in?

Answer 28

Xerophthalmia

Question 29

What can a deficiency of vitamin D result in?

Answer 29

Rickets

Question 30

What can a deficiency of vitamin E result in?

Answer 30

Neurological abnormalities

Question 31

What can a deficiency of vitamin K result in?

Answer 31

Defective blood clotting

Question 32

What can a deficiency of vitamin B1 result in?

Answer 32

Beriberi

Question 33

What can a deficiency of vitamin B12 result in?

Answer 33

Anaemia

Question 34

What can a deficiency of vitamin B6 result in?

Answer 34

Dermatitis, anaemia

Question 35

What can a deficiency of biotin result in?

Answer 35

Alopecia, scaly skin, CNS defects

Question 36

What can a deficiency of vitamin C result in?

Answer 36

Scurvy

Question 37

What can a deficiency of choline result in?

Answer 37

Liver damage

Question 38

What can a deficiency of folate result in?

Answer 38

Neural tube defects, anaemia

Question 39

What can a deficiency of niacin result in?

Answer 39

Pellagra

Question 40

What can a deficiency of pantothenic acid result in?

Answer 40

Fatigue, apathy

Question 41

What can a deficiency of riboflavin result in?

Answer 41

Ariboflavinosis

Question 42

What is low fibre intake associated with?

Answer 42

Constipation and bowel cancer

Question 43

What is a high fibre intake associated with?

Answer 43

Reduced cholesterol and risk of diabetes

Question 44

What is RNI and what is it used for?

Answer 44

Reference Nutrient Intake - used for protein, vitamins and minerals

Question 45

What is EAR and what is it used for?

Answer 45

Estimated Average Requirement - used for energy

Question 46

What is the RNI enough to ensure?

Answer 46

Enough to ensure the needs of 97.5% are being met, many within that group will need less

Question 47

What is the LRNI only enough for?

Answer 47

Only enough for the small number of people (2.5%) who have low requirements - the majority will need more

Question 48

What is the EAR the requirement for?

Answer 48

Around 50% of group - 50% require more

Question 49

What is daily energy expenditure the sum of?

Answer 49

Basal metabolic rate, diet-induced thermogenesis and physical activity level

Question 50

What factors affect basal metabolic rate?

Answer 50

Body size, gender, environmental temperature, endocrine status and body temperature

Question 51

How much does an increase of 1 degree of body temperature increase BMR?

Answer 51

By 12%

Question 52

How does environmental temperature affect BMR?

Answer 52

Increases in cold

Question 53

Define obesity

Answer 53

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue whih impairs health - BMI > 30

Question 54

What are the units of BMI?

Answer 54

Kg/m^2

Question 55

What is the equation to calculate BMI?

Answer 55

BMI = Weight (kg) / Height^2 (m^2)

Question 56

What is a greater proportion of fat in the upper body associated with?

Answer 56

Increased risk of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinism, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, stroke, premature death

Question 57

What is the main sign of Kwashiorkor?

Answer 57

Too much fluid in tissues causing oedema

Question 58

Why does malnutrition often lead to oedema?

Answer 58

Low protein intake results in insufficient blood protein synthesis leading to a decrease in plasma oncotic pressure and therefore oedema

Question 59

What is the normal fasting plasma concentration of glucose?

Answer 59

3.3-6.0 mmol/L

Question 60

How does phosphocreatine provide initial bursts of energy?

Answer 60

Phosphocreatine can anaerobically donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP during the first 2 to 7 seconds following an intense muscular or neuronal effort.